Similarly, Serin and Preston (2001, p. 259) conclude, “Aggressive juvenile offenders have been found to be deficient in social problem-solving skills and to espouse many beliefs supporting aggression. Specifically, they tend to define problems in hostile ways, adopt hostile goals, seek less …show more content…
(Dodge, Lochman, Harnish, Bates, & Pettit, 1997) Examples of reactive aggression include: anger expressions; temper tantrums; and vengeful hostility—“hot-blooded” aggressive acts. Reactive aggression appears to be a reaction to frustration and is associated with a lack of control due to high states of arousal. In general, reactive aggression is a hostile act displayed in response to a perceived threat or provocation.
However, proactive aggression includes: bullying; domination; teasing; name-calling; and coercive acts—more “cold-blooded” aggressive actions. (Dodge, et al. 1997). In difference, proactive aggression is less emotional, and hopeful of rewards. In theory, the basis of proactive aggression is found in social learning that is controlled and maintained by