Australia has also drawn criticism for the effects on children in detention and its obligations not only under the Refugee Convention, but also the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Carrick 2010, p. 80). Entrusted people such as doctors and teachers face penalties of up to two years for providing information to journalists about conditions in immigration detention centres under the Border Force Act (Whyte 2015). Clearly, Australia does not provide “refugees with a genuine and effective judicial review of the substantive necessity of detention” as required by article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Saul 2012, p. 729). The White Australia Policy is another example of an immigration practice where human rights have been violated due to racist policy (Williams 2001, p.
Australia has also drawn criticism for the effects on children in detention and its obligations not only under the Refugee Convention, but also the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Carrick 2010, p. 80). Entrusted people such as doctors and teachers face penalties of up to two years for providing information to journalists about conditions in immigration detention centres under the Border Force Act (Whyte 2015). Clearly, Australia does not provide “refugees with a genuine and effective judicial review of the substantive necessity of detention” as required by article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Saul 2012, p. 729). The White Australia Policy is another example of an immigration practice where human rights have been violated due to racist policy (Williams 2001, p.