• @ kuriltai (all Mongol chieftains meet) Temujin became Chinggis Khan became khagan (supreme leader) of Mongol tribes united: plan attack on world
• Chinggis Khan’s men trained young to hunt & fight physical power, mobile, used to killing/death; had lances, hatchets, iron maces, etc.; short bows = strongest w/ accuracy & hit as far as 400 yds
• 2/3 horses as remounts; could do over wk on horse; could do 80/90 mi/day; strike before enemy defense & go back to steppes only to reappear quickly
• Chinggis Khan gave org., discipline, & unity no more fights since loyal to khagan instead of fighting w/n group, conquest & tribute (from other nomads’ areas & civilized areas around steppes)
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• Forces made from basic fighting units (tumens) that each had 10000 warriors; commanders trained, armed, & disciplined men o Heavy cavalry: had lances w/ metal armor; light cavalry: bow & arrow w/ leather helmets & body covering; lighter armed cavalry: scouting parties – went ahead of armies & had flags & signal fires that updated main force of enemy action; messenger force: tightly bandaged so they could be on saddle for many days; carry import msgs from khagan & commanders
• Military discipline protected by personal links b/n commander & subordinates
• Any warrior leaving unit immediate execution, which Chinggis followed well, even for ones abandoning enemy towards