The study consisted of 36 male adults, with 18 of them having the diabetes. The results showed that the men with type 2 diabetes are associated with compositional changes in intestinal microbiota. When combining microbiota with metabolic diseases (obesity), the glucose level tolerance should be considered. This will broaden more ways to maintain metabolic diseases by modifying the gut microbiota (Larsen,…
The liver which is the largest organ in the body produces bile and stores glucose. Likewise, the pancreas produces pancreatic juices which contain sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and digestive enzymes for all types of food. The gallbladder, on the other hand, is a storage for bile that is produced by the liver. This information can be found on pages 649-651. These answers are correct because the bile produced by the liver emulsifies fat and blood glucose remains constant.…
One of these was shown to have a dangerously low calcium to phosphorus ratio. This study also looked at 3 homemade diets which all were lacking…
Metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome is not a specific disease; rather, it is a constellation of metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state. Metabolic syndrome is also known as metabolic syndrome X, cardiometabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome (named for Gerald Reaven), and CHAOS (coronary artery disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity and stroke ) in…
Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-b, NF-kB and GnRH (Zhang et al., 2013). Cellular senescence is when a cell’s replicative mechanism becomes arrested. This was phenomenon was first described in Hayflick’s experiment. Cellular senescence is usually due to protect the cell from becoming cancerous but it also plays a prominent role in aging (van Deursen, 2014). While senescence describes a halt in proliferation, cancer development is the uncontrolled proliferation of cells (DePinho, 2000).…
They estimated that 20% of the HG’s calories came from fat, but scientists judged that level unachievable, and the real estimate is closer to 35% calories from fat. Konner and Eaton remain clear that HGs ate mostly non-grain and non-dairy carbohydrates, but they backed away from the protein levels in HG era vegetables, most likely because HG were shown to eat more protein then Konner and Eaton presented in the past (Konner and Eaton, 2010). Lastly, Konner and Eaton looked at the nutrient values they estimated HGs ate. For fiber, the average daily intake was 45.7 g when estimated in 1985, but now Konner and Eaton move the value closer to 70g with upwards of 150 g of fiber daily for HG diets (Eaton and Konner, 1985; Konner and Eaton, 2010). This recalculation was…
Throughout the world, childhood obesity is increasing. Childhood obesity is an important health concern because of the health risks linked to obesity and because children who are obese as a child are more likely to be obese when they are adults. When a child is born, the gut microbiota is usually sterile but over a period of time, it becomes unsterile. How the baby was delivered and how the baby is feed can have an effect on the gut microbiota. More and more children are becoming obese and are suffering from medical problems such as diabetes, liver disease and metabolic syndromes.…
A balanced diet that contains all the necessary nutrients will provide energy to individuals, as well as aid the regulation of body processes which is also known as homeostasis as described by Iggulden, MacDonald and Staniland (2009). As identified by Webb (2012) scientific research has allowed healthcare professionals to ensure individuals receive the correct ratio of macronutrients and micronutrients in their diets. Webb (2012) states that macronutrients include “carbohydrates, fats and protein” and are needed in higher quantities in comparison to micronutrients which include vitamins and minerals. The Eatwell guide provides individuals with further guidance regarding the types and quantities of food that is recommended by professionals, in order to maintain a healthy and balanced diet. It is endorsed by the British Heart Foundation (2016) and it states at least five portions of fruit and vegetables should be eaten per day, to make up just over a third of your food intake per day.…
There are several risk factors of cardiovascular disease that include hypertension, obesity and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of the aforementioned factors in addition to insulin resistance and high cholesterol that can greatly increase an individual’s odds of developing cardiovascular disease. We have learned that these risk factors are consistently higher among ethnic minorities than Caucasians due to several different reasons; socioeconomics, lack of insurance, lack of higher education, demographics, etc... As people migrate into the US from their native homelands, they become accustomed to the US lifestyle, unfortunately one that includes adopting a poor diet that consists of refined sugars, high fat contents and calorie-dense…
Our society changed from a pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer society into a sedentary, food abundant society whose diet conflicts with evolutionary inheritance, displaying its ability to increase illnesses. The dietary modifications have led to increases in weight, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin (HbAlc), blood pressure, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. Converting back to the Paleolithic diet, will improve insulin resistance, ameliorate dyslipidemia, reduce hypertension, and may reduce the risk of age-related diseases and systemic and gastrointestinal inflammation (Shane et al.) To decrease unwanted physiologic responses, such as oxidative stress and inflammation,…
Introduction Many diseases morph silently into deadly conditions. One of those silent disease is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is known to affect our liver. Liver has many important functions in our body among which some of them are detoxifying and purifying blood, production and secretion of bile, excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs, metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, enzyme activation, storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals and synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors (Stanford Children Health, 2016). Liver diseases have multiple causations among which some are bacterial infections, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, nutrition and…
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of metabolic diseases that caused by the increases in the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride level in the body. Alterations in metabolic pathways of these bio-molecules result in energy imbalances and disturb all normal body functions; often lead to obesity and hypertension1. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) all has provided criteria for the detection of MS. All the definitions mainly describing the core components of MS; high fasting glucose level, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. A definition of MS is agreed by IDF and AHA, according to them; any three of components, mentioning below…
CONCEPT 7: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING HISTORY AS PART OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ASSESSMENT. This concept is taken from Block 4, Module 8 which is entitled as ‘Assessment of gastrointestinal system’. The digestive system is made up of organs that function together to transform food substances to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body.…
There are three reports summarized from MyFitnessPal including foods and portions. The following main energy nutrients were tracked carbohydrates, fat and protein along with cholesterol, sodium, sugars and fibers. The second report tracked saturated fat, polyunsaturated, fats monounsaturated fats, trans…
For a person on a low-carbohydrate diet, satisfying your sweet tooth can be a real obstacle. And more often than not, temptation of sweets can lead down a path of binge eating. The kind of binge eating where you snap out of it to discover you 've eaten a whole package of Oreo cookies. This recipe for low-carb peanut butter cookies can help you stay on track to reaching your weight loss goals. I came up with this recipe after many attempts at trying to loose the dreaded "freshman fifteen" had failed.…