DNA damage can range from the formation of DNA adducts, base substitutions, insertions, and deletions (Alexandrov, et al., 2016), genomic structural rearrangements, chromosomal instability (Helleday, Eshtad, & Nik-Zainal, 2014), over activity of DNA repair mechanisms, damage to mitochondrial DNA and microRNA, excessive apoptosis, and damage to genes related to cellular respiration (Izzotti & Pulliero, 2015). The type and progression of damages to the genome that occur depend on the intensity of tobacco smoke exposure and the length of exposure, The human body has many defense mechanisms against damage to DNA (sweeping cells, detoxifying metabolic reacions, etc.), and the progression of carcinogenesis can only occur if the amount of mutations are able to overwhelm the body’s defense
DNA damage can range from the formation of DNA adducts, base substitutions, insertions, and deletions (Alexandrov, et al., 2016), genomic structural rearrangements, chromosomal instability (Helleday, Eshtad, & Nik-Zainal, 2014), over activity of DNA repair mechanisms, damage to mitochondrial DNA and microRNA, excessive apoptosis, and damage to genes related to cellular respiration (Izzotti & Pulliero, 2015). The type and progression of damages to the genome that occur depend on the intensity of tobacco smoke exposure and the length of exposure, The human body has many defense mechanisms against damage to DNA (sweeping cells, detoxifying metabolic reacions, etc.), and the progression of carcinogenesis can only occur if the amount of mutations are able to overwhelm the body’s defense