Level 3 Applied Science Unit 11 physiology of Human Body Systems Task 1: ORGANELLE DIAGRAM FORM FUNCTION Nucleolus • The nucleolus is a darker staining region of the nucleus. It is non-membrane bound structure composed of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins. It makes ribosomes inside the nucleus and contains all the DNA of the cell.…
The cell body is where the dendrites receive the electrical impulse from another nerve cell and start a new action potential. The cell body then deviates to the axon hillock at the base of the cell body, where the action potential begins to propagate. To propagate an action potential, several steps must occur. The cell will first depolarize, meaning the sign inside the cell membrane will flip and amplify toward an electrical signal. This then triggers the cellular response for the action potential.…
It is a specific protein presenting on the membrane of the nerve cells and muscle cells. They are responsible for action potential initiation and propagation in excitable cells (Catterall, Goldin, & Waxman, 2015). Voltage-gated sodium channels open or close to in response to the movement of sodium concentration between inside and outside of the cells. Voltage-gated sodium channels consist of two gates which function separately. An activation gate that opens when being stimulated while an inactivation gate closes and prevents the entry of sodium ions (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2015, p. 401).…
20. Mitochondria 22. The free ribosomes manufacture proteins for cell while fixed ribosomes manufacture for secretion 25. Sodium-potassium ions are pumped in opposite directions across the membrane to build up a chemical and electrical gradient. These gradients are used to spread electrical waves that travel along the nerves.…
The membrane controls the passing of substances entering…
Activity #1 1. Potassium and Sodium. Potassium is more concentrated inside the cell and sodium is more concentrated outside the cell. 2. Resting membrane potential is the difference in voltage of the fluids inside a cell and outside a cell.…
The actual membrane is created up of phospholipids which naturally form a bilayer, these phospholipids have a head that are hydrophilic and two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic, and this allows water molecules to pass between the phospholipid molecules by osmosis and allowed self-orientating properties. It’s more than just a passive envelope; it is a dynamic structure that is actively involved in cellular activities such as cell signalling, cell-cell recognition and of course hydration. Another process important in cells is active and passive transport, which is the biological process that moves oxygen, water and nutrients into cells and remove its waste products. The difference between them is that active transport requires chemical energy as it is the movement of those chemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration while on the other hand passive transport requires no energy as it is the transportation of biochemical from areas of high concentration to low concentrations. In the report, active transport is the one which will be demonstrated as it is the transportation of low-to-high concentration.…
When the neuron is in a resting state with -70mV, there is a great amount of potassium ions inside the cell, and a plethora of sodium ions outside the cell. For something to initiate an action potential, there must be a certain stimulus or impulse. This stimulus would cause voltage-gated sodium channels to open. As sodium flows into the neuron, it must…
The transmission of a nerve impulse starts when the calcium gates open. At the end of the axon from which the impulse is coming, the membrane depolarizes, gated ion channels open, and calcium ions are allowed to enter the cell. When the calcium ions rush in, a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse. The chemical that serves as the neurotransmitter moves across the synapse and binds to proteins on the neuron membrane that is about to receive the impulse. The proteins serve as the receptor, and different proteins serve as receptors for difference neurotransmitters.…
Axons from one neuron connect to the dendrites of other neurons and send electrochemical messages via the synapse (Jahn, 2016). The electrochemical messages sent between neurons…
1. The resting membrane potential is the potential difference across the cell membrane of excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. The 3 major factors that establish a resting membrane potential are as follows: (1) Non-diffusible anions: The resting membrane potential is influenced by the presence of large non-diffusible anions (proteins, nucleic acids and organic phosphates) inside a cell. The presence of large non-diffusible anions inside a cell attracts a large number of cations and repeals anions.…
A receptor is a molecule usually found on the surface of the cell and receiving signals (chemical or hormonal) from outside the cell. Receptors belong to class of proteins. Binding of some substance to the receptor brings about changes that direct the actions of cell containing receptor. Ligand is the molecule that binds to the receptor and it can be a peptide, a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or a toxin etc. Each receptor possesses two functional domains: recognition domain that binds the ligand such as hormone, and a coupling domain involved in signal transduction.…
Positively charged ions are pumped through the membrane creating a slightly more negative atmosphere inside the cell then the outside. This action causes the cell membrane to be polarized. Positively charged ions are kept out and only make it back in through special membrane gate channels which can open and close and these channels are distributed along the axons and dendrites. Changes in the environment stimulate the normally closed channels on the axon to swing open and allow positive charges to rush in through the action of depolarization. This activity causes the next area of the axon to become depolarized resulting in the opening of the neighboring gate.…
They do this essential work by generating a constant exchange of ions across the cell membrane. The more we understand this process, the better we can investigate issues like brain-based disease and treatment. In order to understand exactly how this communication is performed, we must decipher the ionic basis of the neuronal membrane. There are two main factors that dictate this movement: the chemical and electrical gradients. Chemical gradient refers to the concentration differences of ions across the membrane while electrical gradient describes the membrane’s selective permeability to specific ions.…
When I thought about connecting biology with another class I am taking, my first thought was to connect it with math. Math is used quite frequently in Biology. However, I chose to take a different approach. The other day in psychology class, I realized I could connect my class to biology in many ways. Biology is the study of life while psychology is the study of the mind and behavior.…