Based on my personal experiences, the villagers “auldiktar” were and still are misrepresented, misunderstood, and poorly judged as Yessenova in Routes and Roots of Kazakh identity: Urban migration in postsocialist Kazakhstan notes, “The claims of rural/urban identity manifest unequal power relations within the nation, echoing developmental discrepancies between the city and the village during socialism and thereafter…who perceive recent migrants as potentially risky, unstable, and unfit members of urban society” (662, 2005). Likewise, Davis in Planet of Slums examines the dynamics of Global South’s urbanization, calling it “urbanization of world poverty” and its inevitable link to the colonialism, imperialism, and nowadays capitalism (51, 2006). Davis refers to the British colonialists as “the greatest slum-builders of all time” implying the laws, rules, and regulations that controlled the local population, mostly marginalized population, where people could not meet the basic needs of life, in terms of unaffordable housings, poor or even absence of sanitation, and etcetera; “Their policies in Africa forced the local labor force to live in precarious shantytowns on the fringes of segregated and restricted cities” (52, …show more content…
Alexander, Buchli, and Humphrey note that, “Furthermore, the steppic region characterized by Russian mining activities mainly funded by American and British investment that translated into post-independence period oil and gas importance” (18, 2007). The myriad of these processes examined through the lens of modern history then formed the era of change; change into our current reality of impoverished existence in terms of the society and Kazakhstan as a whole as of under dictatorship and substantial foreign ownership of country’s natural resources, and thus vulnerability on the vagaries of the international market, as well as inflation of the currency and