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What causes the landscape on earth to change?
The continental drift (movement), for e.g. it causes mountains when continents collide, and this in turn changes the environment for living beings.
How is the weather in the middle of a (super)continent?
DRY! There must have been vast deserts in the middle of Pangea, Gondwanda etc.
What type of rocks are of interest when studying fossils, why?
Sedimentary, these can be made of skeletons and/or shells of sea creatures. The layers of sedimentary rocks can be dated, they give the stratigraphic column.
Give an example of how evolution and geology are closely linked!
Orogenic rain leads to denudation, gives nutrients/minerals to the earth, which leads to tree and plant diversity
What is The International Chronostratigraphic Chart?
The major reference when talking about evolution and fossils. It's counted in Ma = mega annum (million years), a large time scale. The geological time scale is the world's and life's calendar.
WHAT CAN A FOSSIL TELL?
1. Which info should you record and how?
2. How could this info be used in biodiversity & evolutionary research?
3. Why?
1. Age of sediment, location (lat, long), traits (shape, thickness etc.), enviroment (past & present), morpology/structure, position. Note everything down and take a picture (or imprint).
2. Imprint (mostly used for animal fossils rather than plants), comparision (age, morphology, position, location). Put findings in a database (digital, makes it available).
3. To see changes in morphology, environment and/or diversity.
What is macroevolution?
Large scale patterns, diversity differences depending on time and location.
What are the uses of fossils in macroevolution?
For:
- Molecular dating
- Diversification measurements
- Biogeographical history
- Niche evolution
- Clade interactions
For five different reasons/investigations
How can molecular dating be done?
Through single, fixed calibrations
or
multiple, complex priors
you can set a fixed date
or you don't make the decision and instead use it for:
tip dating
What are the components when investigating diversification?
Speciation & extinction rate, their interaction. The net diversification rate is extinction rate subrtacted from speciation rate (expected rates used) (r=λ - μ)
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