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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding the testis?
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Tunica albuginea
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What is the inner surfeace of the TA called?
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Tunica vasculosa
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What is the posterior network of the testis thats for passage of sperm? What kind of vasculature does it contain?
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Mediastinum testis - contains blood and lymphatic vessels.
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What subdivides the testis into lobules? What is contained within each lobule?
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Septa - containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
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What are the seminiferous tubules lined with? Be specific
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Stratified epithelium that contains two primary cell types: Germinal (or spermatogenic cells) and sertoli cells
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What are the three phases that germinal cells can be found in?
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1. Spermatocytogenesis
2. Spermatocyte 3. Spermiogenesis |
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What is the cell type progression in spermatogenesis?
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1. Spermatogonium
2. Primary spermatocyte 3. Secondary spermatocyte 4. Spermatid 5. Spermatozoa |
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What happens during spermatocytogenesis?
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Spermatogonia divide by mitosis and maintain a stem cell population.
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What happens during spermatocyte phase?
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Spermatogonium progress from primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes
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What happens during spermiogenesis?
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Round spermatids become mature sperm
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What is the goal of spermiogenesis (in regard to changes to the cell?)
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1. Development of flagella
2. Formation of acrosome (modified lysosome covering 2/3 of nucleus) 3. Condensation of nuclear contents 4. Extracytoplasm is removed |
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What is spermiation? Be specific
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Sperm release into lumen of seminiferous tubule that is driven by actin mediated contraction of sertoli cells
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What are mature sperm technically called?
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Spermatozoon
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Where is the mitochondria of sperm located?
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In the middle piece
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How long is the seminiferous epithelium cycle? How many cycles are needed to form a mature sperm?
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16 days; 4 cycles
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Do sertoli cells span the full thickness of seminiferous epithelium?
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yes
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What are the two compartments of the blood-testis barrier called? How many sealing strands occur between each sertoli cell to form tight junctions?
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Basal side that contains spermatoagonia and an Adluminal side containing germinal cells. More than 50 sealking strands/sertoli cell.
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What are the 6 sertoli cell functions?
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1. Secrete tubular fluid
2. Provide mechanlical and nutritional support for germinal cells 3. Degrade resudual bodies of unreleased sperm 4. Secrete androgen binding protein, inhibin, activin and transferrin 5. Establish blood testis barrier 6. Mediates release of mature sperm. |
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What is the capsule surrounding the seminiferous tubules called? It contains how many layers of this kind of cell:
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Tunic propria - with 3-5 layers of Myoid (peritubular) cells
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What percent of the testicular volume is composed of interstitial (leydig) cells?
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25-30%
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What do leydig cells secrete?
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testosterone
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What surrounds leydig cells in the interestium?
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loose connective tissue and intercellular fluid
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What hormone increases LH receptors on leydig cells?
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prolactin
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What hormone supports maturation of sertoli and leydig cells to maintain spermatogenesis?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates synthesis and release of testosterone by interstitial cells?
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LH
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What hormone do the testis secrete that feeds back on the pituitary and hypothalamus to modulate FSH release?
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Inhibin B
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What is the progression of the duct system starting with the seminiferous tubules?
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1. Seminiferous tubuels
2. Straight tubules 3. rete testis 4. efferent ductules 5. ductus epididymis 6. ductus (vas) deferens 7. Urethra (prostatic, membranous, penile, and distal tip) |
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What type of cells make up the straight tubules?
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sertoli
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What type of cells make up the rete tesis? What are they bound by?
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simple cuboidal epithelium each with a single celium. Bound by trabeculae containing smooth muscle cells.
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Between which two cells does the intratesticular duct end and extratesticular duct begin?
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Between the rete testis and efferent ductules
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What are the efferent ductules lined with? Be specific with regard to how they might be different from one another.
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Columnar epithelium. There are tall epithelial cells that are ciliated while other clumps are not. The nonciliated tall cells have microvilli and reabsorb tubular fluid
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In efferent ductules, describe where/how the epithelium arise and what surrounds the duct composed of these cells?
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Basal cells regenerate the epithelium and a thin circular layer of smooth muscle surround it.
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What type of cells make up the ductus epidiymis?
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium whose tall cells have branched stereocilia.
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Describe the ductal contour of the epididymis.
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Has an even, spherical lumen.
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Describe what is found inside of the epidiymis epithelial cells.
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Contain coated vesicles, apical lysosomes, rER and basal golgi
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Describe the musculature of the epididymis:
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SMooth muscle layers in the wall increase in thickness for one circular layer in the head to three layers in the tail where sperm are stored.
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When empty, describe the mucosa of the vas def
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Folded
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What cell type makes up the vas def?
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Mucosa lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with tall cells having long microvilli
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Describe the wall of the vas def - include its name
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Muscularis tunic contains 3 layers including an inner longitudianl, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
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What is the structure called just prior to the receiving duct of the seminal vesicle?
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Ampulla of the ductus
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What is the ampulla of the ductus cell type?
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Simple columnar epithelium containing secretory granules
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At what point does the vas def become the ejaculatory duct?
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after receiving the duct of the seminal vesicle
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What cell type lines the ejaculatory duct?
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simple columnar epithelium and a smooth muscle coat
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Where is the ejact duct located?
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Within the prostate gland.
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What are the three parts of the urethra?
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1. Prostatic
2. Membranous 3. Penile |
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What cell type is the prostatic urethra lined with?
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transitional epithelium
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What is the membranous urethra lined with?
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stratified or pseudostratified columnar
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What cell type lines the penile urethra
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stratified/pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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What is the distal end of the penile urethra called? What cell type lines it?
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navicular fossa lined by noncornified stratified squamous epithelium
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What is secreted into the penile urethra and by what gland?
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Mucus by glands of Littre
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What is the shape of the seminal vesicle duct? Describe its mucosa and what cell type it's lined with? Include any muscle that might be present.
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A coiled tube with highly folded mucosa lined with pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium. Contains fibroelastic CT and a wall with circular and longitudinal SM.
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What is the collection of glands within the prostate gland?
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tubuloalveolar glands
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What are the three subdivision of the prostate?
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1. Transitional Zone
2. Central Zone 3. Peripheral Zone |
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What part of the prostate directly surrounds the urethra? What do the glands secrete here?
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Transitional Zone with mucosal glands
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What part of the prostate surrounds the ejact duct? What is the name of the glands here?
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Central zone with submucosal glands
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What part of the prostate contains the main glands?
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Peripheral zone
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What surrounds the lateral and superior part of the prostate gland? What is the remainder covered by?
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Anterior fibromuscular stroma. Remainder covered by thin capsule of dense fibrous CT
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Does the prostate contain muscle?
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Yes - its abundant smooth muscle in the stroma
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What are the prostate secretions called?
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Prostatic concentrations
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What gland secretes a mucus that contains several sugars and glycosaminoglycans that have a viscous and slippery consistency?
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Bulbourethral gland
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What is and where does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia occur in the prostate?
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It's hypertrophy of the stroma and glands in the transitional zone. Common in men and in 80% of men over 80
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What part of the prostate do carcinomas arise?
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Peripheral zone.
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what makes preseminal fluid?
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bulbourethral and urethral glands
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What are the three erectile bodies of the penis bounded by? What surrounds each erectile body?
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Tunical albuginea; deep fascia
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The urethra runs through which erectile tissue? What are the other two called?
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Corpus spongiosum has urethra and Corpus cavernosa is top two
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What are the branches called coming of the central artery of the corpus cavernosum?
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Helicine arteries
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What nervous input is required for an erection
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higher CNS and spinal cord
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Stimulation of which nervous system causes erection?
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Parasympathetic stimulation
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What happens with the helicine arteries during erection?
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The muscles relax to allow blood to flow into vescular space.
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How is smooth muscle relaxed during erection to allow inflow of blood?
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Acetylcholine stimulated release of NO and Prostaglandin E2
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Does NO increase or decrease cGMP levels?
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Increase
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Ejactulation is under with nervous sytem?
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sympathetic
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What mediates flaccidity?
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Phosphodiesterase 5 that depletes cGMP and causing smooth muscle contraction of helicine arteries
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How does viagra work?
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It inhibits phosphodiesterase-5
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