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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a circumscribed, flat area with a change in skin color; less than 1 cm in diameter
(freckles, petechiae, measles, flat mole/nevus) |
macule
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elevated, solid lesion; less than 1 cm in diameter
(wart/verruca, elevated moles) |
papule
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circumscribed, superficial collection of serous fluid; less than 1 cm in diameter
(varicella/chickenpox, herpes zoster/shingles, second degree burn) |
vesicle
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circumscribed, elevated superficial, solid lesion; greater than 1 cm in diameter
(psoriasis, seborrheic and active keratoses) |
plaque
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firm, edematous, irregularly shaped area; diameter variable
(insect bite, urticaria) |
wheal
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elevated, superficial lesion filled with purulent fluid
(acne, impetigo) |
pustule
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linear crack or break from the epidermis to dermis; dry or moist
(athlete's foot, cracks at corner of mouth) |
fissure
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excess, dead epidermal cells produced by abnormal keratinization and shedding
(flaking of skin after a drug reaction or scarlet fever) |
scale
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abnormal formation of connective tissue that replaces normal skin
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scar
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loss of the epidermis and dermis; crater-like; irregular shape
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ulcer
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depression in skin resulting from thinning of the epidermis or dermis
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atrophy
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area in which epidermis is missing, exposing the dermis
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excoriation
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the largest organ in the body
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the integumentary system
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what is the integumentary system composed of?
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skin, hair, nails, and glands
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two layers of skin are?
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epidermis and dermis
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what lies immediately under the dermis?
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subcutaneous tissue
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the outer most layer of skin; thin avascular superficial layer of skin, is made up of an outer dead cornified portion that serves as a protective barrier
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epidermis
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second layer of skin, contains collagen bundles and supports the nerve and vascular network
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dermis
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this is composed primarily of fat and loose connective tissue
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subcutaneous layer
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FYI...
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there is a living portion of the epidermis that folds into the dermis
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the _______ is nourished by blood vessels in the dermis
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epidermis
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the epidermis is replaced with new cells every ___ days
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28
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two major types of epidermal cells and which is most abundant?
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melanocytes and keratinocytes/ keratinocytes make up 90% of the epidermis
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melanocytes are contained in the deep, basal layer, the ________ of the epidermis
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stratum germinativum
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sunlight and hormones stimulate the ______ in the melanocyte to produce melanin
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melanosome
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keratinocytes are synthesized in the epidermal cell in the basal layer, but then move to the surface where they flatten and die to form the outer layer of skin called the _______ ________
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stratum corneum
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______ is vital to the protective barrier function of the skin
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keratin
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the upward movement of the keratinocytes from the basement membrane to the stratum corneum takes how long?
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4 weeks
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if dead cells slough off too rapidly, the skin will appear.....
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thin and eroded
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if new cells form faster than old cells are shed, the skin will appear....
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scaly and thikened
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the _____ is highly vascular and assists in body temperature and blood pressure regulation
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dermis
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dermis is divided into two layers
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1. upper thin papillary layer
2. deep, thicker reticular layer |
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_____ forms the greatest part of the dermis
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collagen
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______ is responsible for the mechanical strength of the skin
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collagen
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the primary cell type in the dermis is the _______
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fibroblast
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_______ produce collagen and elastin fibers and are important in wound healing
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fibroblast
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nerves, lymphphatic vessels, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are found in the _____
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dermis
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_______ tissue is not part of the skin
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subcutaneous
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attaches the skin to the underlying tissues such as the muscle and bone
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subcutaneous tissue
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stores lipids, regulates temperature, and provides shock absorption
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subcutaneous tissue
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appendages of the skin include what? (3 things)
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hair, nails, glands
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skin appendages develop from the ______layer of the skin
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epidermal
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skin appendages receive nutrients, electrolytes, and fluids from the ______
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dermis
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hair and nails form from _____
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keratin
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the color of hair is determined by what? (2 things)
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heredity and the amount of melanin in the hair shaft
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nails grow from the _____
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matrix or lunula
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the white crescent shaped area visible through the nail plate
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matrix or lunula
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pigmented longitudinal bands on the nails
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melanonychea striata
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two major types of glands associated with the skin
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sebaceous and sweat glands
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two kinds of sweat glands
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apocrine and eccrine
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these secrete sebum
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sebaceous glands
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_____ is somewhat bacteriostatic and consists mainly of lipids
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sebum
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Sebaceous glands depend on sex hormones, particularly _________ , to regulate production and secretion of sebum
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testosterone
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these secrete a thick milky substance of unknown composition that becomes odoriferous when altered by skin surface bacteria
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apocrine sweat glands
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these glands are located in the axillae, breast areolae, umbilical and anogenital areas, external auditory canals, and eyelids
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apocrine sweat glnads
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these glands are widely distributed over the body, except in a few areas, such as lips
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eccrine sweat glands
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______ is transparent watery solution composed of salts, ammonia, urea, and other wastes
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sweat
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these glands function to cool the body by evaporation, to excrete waste products through the pores of the skin, and to moisturize surface cells
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eccrine sweat glands
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what is the primary function of the skin?
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to protect underlying tissues by serving as a surface barrier to external environment
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btw ______ and _____ mL of water is lost daily through insensible perspiration
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600 and 900 mL
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endogenous synthesis of vitamin D occurs where?
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in epidermis
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slowness of skin to flatten when pinched together
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tenting
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what is the major contributor to the photoaging and wrinkling of the skin?
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chronic UV exposure
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partial or complete lack of hair
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alopecia
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where skin surface overlap and rub on each other; this can cause chafing or rash
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intertriginous areas
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pruritis
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itching
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decreased firmness in the facial skin can be caused by what?
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poor sleep and tiredness
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these lesion develop on previously unaltered skin
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primary skin lesions
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these lesions change with time or occur because factors such as scratching or infection
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secondary skin lesions
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benign tumor of blood or lymph vessels
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angioma
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tiny purple spots on skin
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petechiae
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bleeding disorder caused by ecchymosis or petechiae
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purpura
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if lesion blanches with direct pressure and then refills, this means...
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the redness is due to dilated blood vessels
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if the lesion does not blanch with direct pressure and the discoloration remains, this means....
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it is a result of subcutaneous or intradermal bleeding, or the presence of a nonvascular lesion
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annular
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ring shaped
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gyrate
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spiral shaped
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iris lesions
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concentric rings or "bull's eye"
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linear
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in a line
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nummular, discoid
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coinlike
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polymorphous
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occuring in several forms
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punctate
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marked by points or dots
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serpiginous
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snakelike
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unilateral distribution
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asymmetric
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merging together
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confluent
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diffuse
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wide distribution
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separate from other lesions
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discrete
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diffuse distribution
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generalized
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cluster of lesions
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grouped
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limited areas of involvement that are clearly defined
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localized
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single lesion in close proximity to a large grouping
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satellite
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a single lesion
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solitary
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bilateral distribution
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symmetric
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bandlike distribution along a dermatome area
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zosteriform
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callus areas are normal and related to what?
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weight bearing on the affected area
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yellow discoloration of skin, no yellowing of sclera, most noticeable on palms and soles
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carotenemia
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enlarged hair follicle plugged with sebum, bacteria, and skin cells, can be opened (blackhead) or closed (white head)
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comedo (acne lesion)
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slightly bluish-gray or dark purple discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by presence of excessive amounts of decreased hemoglobin in capillaries
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cyanosis
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sac containing fluid or semisolid material
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cyst
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large, brusielike lesion caused by collection of extravascular blood in dermis and subcutaneous tissue
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ecchymosis
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redness occurring in patches of variable size and shape
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erythema
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extravsion of blood of sufficient size to cause visible swelling
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hematoma
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male distribution of hair in women
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hirsutism
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congenital or acquired loss of pigment resulting in white patchy area
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hypopigmentation
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dermatitis of overlying surfaces of the skin
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intertrigo
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yellow or yellowish-brown discoloration of skin, best observed in sclera secondary to increased bilirubin in blood
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jaundice
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hypertrophied scar beyond wound margins
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keloid
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thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings
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lichenification
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benign overgrowth of melanocytes
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mole/nevus
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pinpoint, discrete deposit of blood less than 1 to 2 mm in the extravascular tissues and visible through the skin or mucous membrane
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petechiae
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visibly dilated, superficial, cutaneous small blood vessels, commonly found on face and thighs
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telangiectasis
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increased prominence of superficial veins
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varicosity
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inflammatory response to ingrown hairs that is thought to occur after shaving closely, and is characterized by pustules and papules
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pseudofolliculitis
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overgrowth of collagenous tissue at site of injury
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keloid
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benign bluish-black macules
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mongolian spots
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