11_27 Exam 8 - GI - Survival Vocab

an enzyme located on enterocyte brush border membranes that is involved in the digestion of starch

an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas that takes part in the starch digestion

abnormal accumulation (> 25 mL) of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

presence of stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct, or the process of formation of such stones

inflammation of the gallbladder

deficient bile flow that can result from intra-hepatic disease or extra-hepatic obstruction

evidence of hepatic inflammation and necrosis for at least 6 months

herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through a weakness of the muscle lining of the colon

inflammatory disease of the GI that can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus

bilirubin that has entered the liver and been enzymatically bound to glucuronic acid forming bilirubin monoglucuronide and diglucuronide

inflammation of the colonic diverticulum, typically on the left colon, such as a sigmoid

presence of diverticular disease in the colon with inflamed diverticula

pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen (mainly in or around the midline) which can be associated with fullness, early satiety, bloating or nausea. Dyspepsia can be intermittent or continuous and it may, or may not, be related to meals

an endogenous chemical released from endocrine cells into the circulation to act on DISTANT cells that possess receptors for that chemical

symptoms are similar to dyspepsia and can persist for at least 12 weeks, but there is no evidence of an ulcer on endoscopy

Slight paralysis of the muscular coat of the stomach

a small polypeptide hormone that targets mainly the liver to promote glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis; it also promotes fatty acid oxidation with the production and release of keto-acids to meet the energy demands of the body during periods of fasting.

this is a gram-positive micro-aerophilic bacillus that resides within the mucus layer of the gastric mucosa – it causes a persistent gastric infection and chronic inflammation. It produces a urease enzyme that splits urea; this produces a rise in the local pH and allows it to survive in the less acidic environment

symptoms are ptosis, loss of papillary dilation (miosis) and loss of sweating on the same side of the face (anhydrosis) caused by compression of the superior cervical ganglion

condition with symptoms of chronic GI inflammation

a small polypeptide anabolic hormone that promotes the sequestration of carbohydrate, fat, and protein mainly in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle; in the absence of insulin, these substances are mobilized from the tissues to meet the fuel demands of the body

recurrent abdominal pain with altered bowel movements (constipation or diarrhea) due to alterations in motor or sensory functions

highly vascularized and innervated structures in the pancreas containing 3 major cell types that secrete insulin (B beta cells), glucagon (A alpha cells) and somatostatin (D delta cells)

yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes – this indicates hyperbilirubinemia

an enzyme located on the enterocyte brush border membranes that is involved in the digestion of starch and sucrose

an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that takes part in fat digestion

reduction of gallstones using sound waves to small particles that can be excreted from the gallbladder

an enzyme located on enterocyte brush border membranes that is involved in the digestion of starch and maltose

the pattern contractions in the stomach and small intestine that occurs during the interdigestive state

an endogenous chemical released from nerve endings to act on cells innervated BY THOSE nerves

a preparation of principally amylase, lipase and protease

a preparation that is principally lipase that also contains amylase and proteases

an endogenous chemical released from one cell to act on an ADJACENT cell that possesses receptors for that chemical

a pro-enzyme secreted by the stomach that is converted to pepsin that takes part in protein digestion

presence of gastric or duodenal ulcers as demonstrated by endoscopy or by upper GI barium study

contractions occurring in all areas of the GI tract that propel intestinal contents, usually forward

increased pressure gradient (>10 mmHg) in the portal vein, usually resulting from resistance to portal flow and most commonly caused by cirrhosis

Inactive compounds that are metabolized in the body to therapeutically active agents

contractions of the small and large intestine (also known as haustral contractions) that mix and locally circulate intestinal contents

bacterial infection of ascitic fluid without any intra-abdominal source of infection. This can occur in up to 20% of cirrhotic patients with ascites

enzyme located on the enterocyte brush border membranes that is involved in the digestion of starch and sucrose

a class of small therapeutic molecules that are potent stimulators of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells

obstruction of the venous drainage leading to dilation of the collateral veins of the upper part of the chest and neck, edema of the face, neck and upper part of the torso, shortness of breath and CNS symptoms (confusion, headaches and visual problems)

pro-enzymes secreted by the pancreas which, when activated, take part in protein and fat digestion

called juvenile onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) – it is a hyperglycemic condition caused by inadequate production of insulin by the B cells of the pancreas

condition of hyperglycemia caused by resistance to circulating levels of insulin; this is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) – the incidence of this condition is increasing markedly in the U.S. and is especially prevalent in the Hispanic population

inflammatory disease of the GI mucosa that is localized in the large intestine

bilirubin that has not been enzymatically bound to glucuronic acid by the liver and is the serum (it reversibly and/or non-covalently binds to albumin)