2012 SUMMER Intro to Psyc UNIT 1 EXAM

scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

behavior - moving hand when touching something hot

mental process - reasoning, ddecision making

philosophy and biology

philosopy - love of wisdom/truth

biology - study of life

asks questions similar to philosophy - why do we do this? but then seeks a scientific answerw. with scientif experiments (emperical)

1878 - wundt - establishes first psychology lab - starts focus on childhood development

1. biological
2. developmental
3. social
4. personality
5. behavior/learning
6. cognitive
7. industrial-organizational
8. human factors

1. psychology - BA
2. Counseling Psychology (Ph.D/Psy.D)
3. Clinical Psychology (Ph.D/Psy.D)
4. Psychiatry (M.D.)
5. Experimental (Ph.D)

we think we know more/better than we actually do

1. hindsight bias
2. overconfidence
3. illusory correlation
4. confirmation bias

- easier to explain what has happened than predict what would happen

thinking we are more accurate than we are

perceive a relationship that may or may not exist - "it always rains on the weekend"

pay attention to only the information that confirms our belief - pit bulls are bad

describe, predict, influence

describe what is occurring now

predict what will future be like if no changes are made

what would change outcome if the result is not what we want

research for research sake-
-expand knowledge, not solve problems
- memory, vocabulary development

applied - designed to solve practical problems of the modern world

scientific method

agreed upon way to answer a question objetively/unbiased

1. observation
2. case study
3. survey

descriptive research - method

look on and gather data - can be in controlled environment (prison study) or not controlled (playground)

single person or very small group/business, etc

focus on atypical

issue: - emperically difficult - not randomly selected, not lots of data points, not easy to look at before/after, not easy to isolate area of interest

wording very important

"people who are married are happier than people who are not"

even if two variables are related it does not mean that one caused the other.

experiments

IV variable being manipulated/controlled (rat chow)


DV variable being measured (time through maze)

EG group that receives drug

CG group that receives placebo

everything psychological has a biological process attached

cannot reverse this statement - ex plants are psychological

Phineas Gage 1848

personality changed after pole when through frontal lobe

issue with this case study

not a clean wound - large area of brain damage

no studies of his personality before accident

no detailed studies afterwards (science not as advanced as it is today - no MRI)

the body's speeky, electrochemical comunication system

consists of all the nerve cells in body

some fast, some slow
(touching something hot, digestion)

everything but brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

controls slef-regulated action of internal organs and glands

also responsible for sympathetic (fight or flight)and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

responsible for sympathetic (fight or flight)and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

eyes dialate
heart races
digestion slows

pupils contract
heart slows
digestion occurs

important because of hormone regulation
- impact mood and behavior

hypothalamus
pituary gland
thyroid gland
ovary, testes

controls the pituitary gland

regulates body chemistry and obdy fluids

"master gland" of endrocrine system

secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

affects metabolism

connect the central nervous sytem with muscles, glands, and sense organs

"cables' of nerve cells (i.e. neurons)

ex cerebral cortex has 20 billion nerves and 300 trillion connections

different shapes, structure, but have same parts/functions

longest/largest - siatic nerve -runs from big toe to hip

1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. axon hillock
4. axon
5. terminal branches of axon

synapse

myelin sheath

neurotransmitters are released from terminal branches of axon to stimulate next neruon

the cells life support center - nucleus and major parts found here

information coming in

passes messages away form the cell body to other neurons, muscles, glands

form juntions with other cells

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

not this way at birth, but speed up as grow up

ms - break down sheath

1. dendrites gets covered with plaque at a much quicker rate than average adult - making messages harder to receive and send - dendrites fall off
2. too little acetylcholine - neurotransmitter
3. 1st part of brain hit is hippocampus then moves out (amygdala - personality changes)

chemical messengers
ex. endorphins - runners high

when released
1. picked up by dendrites
2. reuptake
3. enzymes digest/break down

problems occur when too much or too little

acetylcholine

alzheimers occures - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used

leaves more acetycholine in body

studies - people that eat more choline (egg yolks, green leafy veggies) suffer less from alzheimers?

drug therapy

norepinephrine

malfunction - depression

MAOI's (Monoamine Oxidse Inhibitors)
-serotonin and norephinephrine

Tricyclics (Reuptake blockers)
-serotonin and norephinephrine

living
- color of vanilla pudding
-thick like sour cream
-gushiness protects it
- able to move around in skull
-3 lbs
-90% by age 4

limbic system then cerebral cortex

brain stem

1. thalamus (relay station)
2. reticular formation (filter incoming stimuli)
3. medulla (basic life support - breathing, heart)
4. cerebellum (little brain - directing voluteerary movement)
5. spinal cord (balance, shifting back and forth)

1. hypothalamus (regulates body fluids/chemistry)
2. hippocampus (consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory)
3. pituitary gland (hormone regulation)
4. amygdala (fear rage)

1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. occipital lobe
4. temperal lobe

some sensory - touch, temp, pain, body position

setting goals, problem solving, impulsivity, planning, decision making

doesn't fully develop until age 25

relay station

filter incoming stimuli

basic life support - breathing, heart

little brain - directing voluteerary movement

balance, shifting back and forth

regulates body fluids/chemistry

consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory

hormone regulation

vison

hearing - some visual

size of xl pizza

whether prenatel folding of brain can indicate autism or other disorders/diseases

1. phineas gage
2. bullet in head

concerns - no pre-damage data, area of damage not controlled or contained
- cant repeat

lobotomy - drs in 1950-1960 used lobotomy to "cure" psychological disorders

freeman most known - ice pick

Electroencephalogram

looks at brain's activity adn records it - usually stimuli is introduced

non-invasive

1. obersvational
2. invasive - lobotomy
3. nonivasive - EEG
4. neruoimaging (CT, PET, MRI)

computed tomography

takes xrays from all different angles - identifies damaged areas

Positron emission tomography scalooks at glucose levels

magnetic e emaging - looks in shift of blood flow

MRI shows larger fluid filled space in middle of cerebral cortex - believe that this fluid pushes down on hypothalamus - explains hallucinations, paranoia, etc

at beginning of psychology - 1800's

looked at influences on behavior

sub discipline

genetics (nature)
- temperment (slow to warm up, difficult)
environment (nurture)
- impoverished, enriched environment)

cousis of darwin

proposed survival of fittest - most fit will have most intelligence

- research did not pan out, but first to make a connection

rates put into impoverished and enriched environments and then autopsy performed - brain cells more developed in enriched environment

- harder to apply to humans

23 chromosomal pairs
- 22 autosomes
- sex chromosomes
females XX, males XY

linked to X - women get two - have chance of recessive/dominant gene relationship
men only 1 X or Y - if recessive on those then will get disease - ex colorblind

becuase identical twins have same genes - if genetics was the only factor in behavior, then twins would be exactly alike

similarity in intelligence scores were reviewed - twins reared together scored highest (but not perfect), twins reared apart next, fraternal twins reared together, siblings reared together, and then unrelated individuals readed together

shows genetic link for intelligence, but because not 100% similar, then enviroment must play a role as well

identical twins have a higher concordance rate for disorders/diseases (conduct disorder, alcoholism) then fraternal twins - but rate above fraternal twin rate vary's by disorder/disease

study of behavior of mental processes from an evolutionary position/standpoint

ex. why are women more drawn to caretaker role than men?

1. emotions
- cross cultural
- smile means a smile
2. gender differences
A. mating preferences
1. makes look for females who are young (more years of reproduction)
2. females look for older males (better caretakers0

B. Sexual differences
double standards as to when girls and boys "mature" - good for boys (men spread their seed) bad for girls (they have to worry about children if pregnant)

study of development of metnal processes and behavior

from conception to death

zygote
embryo
fetus

conception to two weeks

survival adn cell division

the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 8 weeks after conception

major organs beginning to develop and protective "aids" form (umbilical cord, ambiotic fluid)

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

all tissues organs exist in primative form adn grow through cell division
- 10x larger than zygote
- grow to be viable on own (goal)

genetic abnormalities
1. down syndrome
2. huntington's disease
3. sickle cell anemia

chromosomal disorder

extra chromosome on 23 pair (47 instead of 46)

message for cell division have errors - cause specific facial/body characteristics

- food allergies
- problems with immune system
- respiratory problems (development of lungs)
- extremely strong
- lack coordination
- body is stocky
- increased risk of luekemia

maternal age - 90% of error comes from egg

chance increases dramatically at 35

genetic disorder

1 in 15k
Pyenylalanine converted to phenylpyruvic acid

results in CNS damage

mental retardation within a year if not managed

every new born tested
restricted diet

(proteins, bad, soda, bad)

genetic disorder

believed to protect individuals from malaria

symptoms start at 4 months old
- not effective at transporting oxygen in body
- fatigue, heart rate, jaundice, delayed growth, breathing, organ failure
- no cure, but can be managed (transusions)

1in 400 african american
red blood cells sickle shaped

genetic disorder

- onset 35-50 years of age
- 1 in 10k - 20k
- emotional, cognitive, and motor impairments

- CNS starts to go into self destruct
- change in personality, lose coordination, vountary muscle movements decline

dont test newborns, but can be tested at 18

no cure

teratogens

ex. alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

fetal alcohol syndrome

specific facial fetures
- flat midface
- small head
- low nasal bridge
- underdeveloped jaw

boys have more emotional issues than girls

birth - 25% developed
4-5 years - 90% developed
10 years - 95% developed

more and faster connectinos form
(myelin sheath)

proximodistal (trunk out) and cepholocaudal (head down) development

brain first, then body
truck (large muscles) than rest (fine motor skills)

world changes when able to support their neck

studies correlate nations with lower daily calories (and types of food - less variety) with children stunted 0-5 and underweight children 0-5

baby can activate mobile by moving legs (light or string)
- test again some time later - they remember to move legs to activate mobile and seem frustrated if string is disconnected

shows memory and associat experience with memory

Piaget

- stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor

suckables vs nonsuckables
- experiencing the world through senses and actions

know graduating when peek a boo no longer fun

preoperational

representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

ex - juice in cups video or crackers - even though saw the juice being poured into new cup - couldnt logically think it was the same amount

(example of structured observation in experiements!)

social animals - love social interaction

will choose pictures that look more like faces

erikson

there is a "crisis" at each stage

stage

trust vs mistrust

if needs are dependably ment, infants develop a sense of basic trust

stage: autonomy vs shame and doubt

toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

stage: identity vs role confusion

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles adn then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

stage: intimacy vs isolation

struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

stage: integrity vs despair

when reflecting on his or her life, teh older adult may eel a sense of satisfaction or failure

need another one - getting ready for death

boys - 14
girls - 12

early maturation for boys - good
- seen as better mate
- seen as leader - more masculine, taller

early maturation for girls - bad
- can get neg reputation based on looks
- social isolation due to being "first to wear bra, deal with period"

concern with in medical community about girls reaching puberty at earlier and earlier age
- due to hormones in food, or heavier girls?

piaget - adolescent egocentrism
- self centered


- personal fable - think their situation is unique - only they have ever had their heart broken

- imaginary audience - all eyes are on them at all times - don't want to go to school if have pimple

80 is new 40

retirement experts encourage to stay healthy - saves cost and can do more

women live longer, but live longer sicker

before 78 (average life span)

disability and disease free until 78

lifecycle factors that can speed up primary aging

ex. smoking
sun exposure

sensory decline
hearing, seeing, smelling

all decrease with age

brain changes
(plaque)
neurotransmitter changes
(starts to decline)
homrmonal changes
(estrogen, testosterone)
cognitive changes
(decline - takes longer to proces something)

question - if everyone gets plauque in brain - if we lived long enough would we all get alzheimers?

demetia - umbrella term for 75 different diseases - cognitive decline
- not age dependent

alzheimers
- average rate from diagnosis to decline ranges from 8-10 years

cases increasing with increasing age of population

cant remember simple tasks
misplaces things
confusion of time/place

for most part people are satisfied - increases at 65+ years

1. early years - satisfaction
2. middle years - distraction
3. later years - tenderness

baby boomers - 10 year period of high birth rate

social security - those working now pay for those retiring - pop behind baby boomers not as big - cant support

baby boomers did start fitness craze and save money better than other generations

women live longer, butlive longer sicker

social security - health care

- difference between widowed men and women adn how families take care of them

baby boomers will age differently - shared household responsibilities more - may be independent for longer
fitness craze, may not need as much medical care

DNRs passive euthinasia
active - pill form - legal in three states - has to be terminal

counsaling those who are dying

rolde changes

setting not in office, but in home, hospital

may feed/help drink patient (intimate)

ually help improve life, but now help person improve death

life review

clinical thanatologist

Kubler - Ross

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

issue:
1. many missing - fear, anxiety
2. focuses on negative
3. look like stages, but not

interviewed terminally ill patients

high frequency

bluish color

low frequency

reddish color

bright colors

dull colors

1. the eye
2. the neural circuits
3. visual centers

1. image focusing
2. image recording
3. visual recordings to the brain

all together processed

color, motion, form, and depth

7 million colors

1 in 50

mostly male
color blind in pairs

young and helmholtz

three different retinal color receptors
- red
- green
- blue

opposing retinal processes enable color

on off
red green
green red
blue yellow
yellow blue
black white
white black

high pitched sounds

low pitched sounds

loud sounds

soft sounds

punctured eardrum
disease - otosclerosis

85+ decibels - damage hairs in ear
can be age related- nverves wear away

- skin recepters thoughout the body
- pain has a sensory component, but also cognitive
ex. phantom pain
- treating pain

200+ taste buds

sweet, sour, salty bitter, umami

olfactory bulb

kinethesis
vestibular sense

the principle that one sense may influence the other

when the smell of food influences the taste

reading color names in different colors
focuses on interfence and how it impact processing - more challenging

brain only chooses one inerpretation at a time

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

color shape size

examines asumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asseses conclusions

explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

testible predictions

procedures and concepts

describe behaviors, often using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

asoicate different factors

manipulate factors to discover their effects

whole group you are studing

correlate

correlation indicates the possibility of cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation

1. manipulating the factors of interest
2. holding constant other factors

receives the treatment

gets a placebo

describe behavior, detect relationships, and predict behavior

expiriments

study links between biological activities and psychological events

acetylcholine

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Alzheimers - ACh producing neruons deterioate

be similar enough to a neruotransmitter to bind to its receptor and mimic ist effects

bind to receptos but their effect is instead to block a neurotransmitter's functions

responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS dicisios to other body parts

somatic and autonomic

controls volutary movements of skeletal muscles

controls self-regulated aciton of internal organs and glands

autonomic nervous system

brain - pituitary - other glands - hormones - brain

help people to cope with challenges and crises and to improve their personal and social functioning

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

both administer and interpret tests, provide counseling adn therapy, adn sometimes conduct basic adn applied research

prive psycotherapy - MD - liscensed to prescribe drugs adn treat physical causes of psychological disorders

study of our lifelong physical, mental, and soical development - about the newborn

physical energy we can detect and its effect on our psycholoigcal experience

reactions to sensory stimulation

bhavior and mental processes

lesion

emotion

dopamine

stability or change

cognitive

sensorimotor

adolescent

different age groups are tested at the same time

integrity

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted

iris

the opponent-process theory

kinesthesis

organized whole

figure-ground perception

have a lot of previous crawling experience

computer keyboards

experience - receiving information from external source (looking at colors)

congnitive process - how we interpret info

smell - temporal
touch - parietal
light - occipital

sound - auditory (temperol)
taste - parietal
praise - frontal

the factors that influence the perception of stimuli

why we wake up when anxious for a trip

using people's senses to design things that make sense - oven with dials mapped to burners

minimum intensity of stimuli to be detected 50% of the time - on average

can tell the difference between two variables 50% of time on average

below absolute threshold 50% of time

ex movies "eat popcorn"
disney movies

now overt - more effective

smell
taste
hearing
touch
seeing
body senses
touch senses

in occipital lobe

in eye and neural circuit

iris - colored part

lens

retina

trichromatic (three color) theory
1. rods/cones on retina - picking up three colors
2. receptor sites working in pairs

war - glad to be alive
car accident - scared, etc

psychologists get involved - treat anxiety, coping, etc

5 million

gestalt - necker cube - see as a whole instead of by individual parts

recognize black on white first then white on black - two different pictures - can only see one at a time

visual cliff with babies
babies that have learned how to crawl will stop at cliff

heart rate will increase in younger babies

how we percieve the world - can be same size on paper if other details are made to defy what we think in this world

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change color, shape, size

door opening
face in shadows (not two-toned)
- walking down halway

the way we perceive a picture depending on what it is presented with

face with faces vs mouse with animals

what you are primed to see impacts what you see

gestalt - necker cube - see as a whole instead of by individual parts

recognize black on white first then white on black - two different pictures - can only see one at a time

visual cliff with babies
babies that have learned how to crawl will stop at cliff

heart rate will increase in younger babies

how we percieve the world - can be same size on paper if other details are made to defy what we think in this world

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change color, shape, size

door opening
face in shadows (not two-toned)
- walking down halway

the way we perceive a picture depending on what it is presented with

face with faces vs mouse with animals

what you are primed to see impacts what you see