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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are proteins digested by?
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Proteases
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What are peptides degraded by?
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Enterocytes with peptidases
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5 alpha-globulins
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- Haptoglobin
- a1-lipoprotein - a1-antitrypsin - a1-antichymotrypsin - a2-macroglobulin |
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6 B proteins
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- Transferrin
- B-lipoprotein - Complement C3 - IgM - IgA - Fibrinogen |
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What are alpha globulins synthesized by?
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Hepatocytes
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What does alpha-lipoprotein do?
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Transports cholesterol (found in HDL)
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What does alpha-antitrypsin do? (2)
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- Inactivates proteases
- Anti-inflammatory |
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What does alpha-antichymotrypsin do? (2)
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- Inactivates proteases
- Anti-inflammatory |
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What does alpha-macroglobulin do? (2)
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- Inactivates proteases
- Anti-inflammatory |
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What does haptoglobin do?
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Scavenges and transports free hemoglobin
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What are beta globulins synthesized by?
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Hepatocytes
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Function of transferrin
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Binds and transports iron
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Function of B-lipoproteins
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Transport triglycerides and cholesterol
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What are B-lipoproteins found in?
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LDL
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What are a-lipoproteins found in?
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HDL
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Two functions of complement protein C3
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- Pro-inflammatory
- Chemotaxis |
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Where is IgM made?
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Plasma cells
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Where is IgA made?
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Plasma cells
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What protein is not found in the serum?
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Fibrinogen
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Where is IgG made?
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Plasma cells
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What is a C-reactive protein?
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Positive acute phase protein
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Two tube types used to collect serum
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- Clot tube
- Red tube |
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3 components of the blood consumed during clotting
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- Fibrinogen
- Factor V - Factor VIII |
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What is the preferred sample for protein electrophoresis?
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Serum
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Which form of blood has fibrinogen present? (2)
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- Whole
- Plasma |
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What species is a refractometer inaccurate in?
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Avian
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3 sources of interference with a refractometer
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- False increase with high BUN or Glc
- False increase with lipemia - Hemolysis makes reading the line difficult |
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What does a albumin:globulin ratio of <0.5 mean?
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- Albumin decrease
- Globulin increase |
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What does a albumin:globulin ratio of >1.5 mean?
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Globulin increase
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Normal albumin:globulin ratio
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0.5 - 1.5
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Two causes of hyperalbuminemia
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- Dehydration
- Neoplasia |
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Primary cause of hyperalbuminemia
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Dehydration
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What happens to the albumin:globulin ration in dehydration?
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Nothing; albumin and globulin increase at the same amount
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Three causes of hypoalbuminemia
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- Decreased protein intake
- Hepatic insufficiency - Loss of albumin |
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How does protein intake or protein malnutrition appear on the animal?
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As a state of cachexia
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How much of the liver must be affected to cause a hypoalbuminemia due to hepatic insufficiency?
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> 80%
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5 conditions a hepatic insufficiency may be secondary to
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- Cirrhosis
- Chronic hepatic necrosis - Inflammation - Severe atrophy due to portosystemic shunt - Neoplasia |
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Globulin level in a hypoalbuminemia due to hepatic insufficiency
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Normal or decreased
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In a hypoalbuminemia due to hepatic insufficiency, what happens to:
Liver enzymes Bile acids Ammonia concentration BUN Cholesterol |
- Liver enzymes: Increased
- Bile acids: increased - Ammonia concentration: increased - BUN: decreased - Cholesterol: decreased |
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5 causes of a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin
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- Protein losing nephropathy
- Protein losing enteropathy - Hemorrhage - Exudation from large surfaces (burns, pleuritis, intestinal lesions, etc.) - Loss of lymph |
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Globulin level in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a protein losing nephropathy
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WNL
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What should you see in the urine in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a protein losing nephropathy?
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Proteinuria
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What should the protein:creatinine ratio be in the urine in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a protein losing nephropathy?
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Increased
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4 conditions that a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a protein losing enteropathy is secondary to
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- SI mucosal disease
- Lymphatic disease - Inflammatory exudation - Intestinal parasitism leading to blood loss |
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Globulin level in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a protein losing enteropathy
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Decreased but can be WNL if there is a concurrent antigenic stimulation
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Globulin level in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of hemorrhage
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Decreased
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Globulin level in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of exudatino from a large surface
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Decreased
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Globulins in a hypoalbuminemia due to a loss of albumin as a result of a loss of lymph
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Decreased
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4 causes of hyperglobulinemia
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- Dehydration
- Chronic AG stimulation - B-lymphocyte neoplasia - Acute phase response |
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3 causes of a hypoglobulinemia
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- Failure of passive transfer
- Severe Combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) - Selective deficiencies of immunoglobulins |
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Albumin levels in a hypoglobulinemia due to a failure of passive transfer
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WNL
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What level of protein:fibrinogen indicates an inflammatory process?
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<10 protein:fibrinogen ratio
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What level of protein:fibrinogen indicates a dehydration?
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>15 protein:fibrinogen ratio
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2 primary causes of hyperfibrinogenemia
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- Inflammation
- Dehydration |
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What is the best way to detect a hypofibrinogenemia?
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Thrombin Time Test
- Elevated |
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Most common cause of a hypofibrinogenemia
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Excess consumption of fibrinogen
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Two differentials for decreased globulins
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- Failure of passive transfer
- IgG deficiency |
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Differential for a broad increase in globulins
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- Chronic inflammation (parasitism, dental disease, FIP)
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Differential for increased alpha globulins
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Acute inflammation
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Differential for increased beta globulins (broad increase) (3)
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- Inflammation
- Acute liver disease - Nephrotic syndrome |
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Differential for increased beta globulins (sharp increase)
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Synthesis of an IgM or IgA paraprotein by B-lymphocyte neoplasia
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Differential for increased gamma globulins (broad [polychronal] increase)
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Chronic infections/inflammatory disease (IE FIP, Ehrlichiosis, demodicosis)
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Differential for increased beta globulins (sharp [monoclonal] increase)
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- B-lympocyte neoplasia
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Major contributing factor to colloid osmotic/oncotic pressure
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Albumin
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