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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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multigene family
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genes produced by duplication or divergence
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telomere
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distinguishes normal end from end produced by breakage
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trisomy
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triploid chromosome, useful in plant genetics for mapping genes to chromosome
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human oocytes
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not seen in turner's syndrome, blocked in diplotene
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3 strand double
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produces a tetratype ascus
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colchicine
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prevents formation of spindle
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transposition
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insertional translocation
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theory of impact crises
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rejects Lyell's geological gradualism, made by Alvarez
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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Haeckel's principle for inferring evolutionary relationships among animals
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postmeiotic segregation
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hybrid DNA present in product of meiosis II
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domain of Darwinism
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diversification of life following its origin
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great apes comparative karyotype
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all species have homologous chromosomal material
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hypothetico-deductivism
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Thomas Huxley's "active doubt", scientific principle that one gathers data potentially to falsify a hypothesis
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sex chromatin
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not seen in Turner's Syndrome
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branch migration
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changes amount of hybrid DNA
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empirical falsification of a hypothesis
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data reject predictions of hypothesis, thus disproves it
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homology (Richard Owen)
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same organ in different organisms under every variety of form and function
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evolutionary definition of homology
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characteristics of different organisms descended from an equivalent characteristic of their common ancestor
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"evolution as such"
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biological world is not constant or cycling, but constantly changing = perpetual change with continuity
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heterotopy
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evolutionary change in the physical location at which a developmental process occurs within the body
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common descent
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all living forms descend from a common ancestral population
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monophyletic group (=clade)
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includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants
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cladogram
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tree diagram showing the structure of common descent as a nested hierarchy of groups within groups
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terminal addition
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new features are added to the end of ontogeny
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condensation
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older features are displaced to earlier and shorter developmental occurrences
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uniformity of law
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laws of chemistry and physics are constant
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uniformity of process
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use familiar geological processes to explain past events
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developmental module
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characteristic pattern of gene expression and cellular proliferation/differentiation subject to evolution by heterotopy
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SNP
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polymorphism for single base pair change
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population
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focal level of Darwinian evolutionary processes, smallest unit of biological complexity that evolves
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hybrid DNA
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contains DNA strands from different homologs
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synapomorphy
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diagnostic criterion for a clade
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polytene band
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chromomere
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CVS
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sampling of fetal tissue from the placenta
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uniformitarianism
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denotes Lyell's principles of geology
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5-methylcytosine
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produced by DNA methyltransferase after replication
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ancestral character state
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occurs in ingroup and outgroup species
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chromatid interference
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lack of responsible for recombination frequency at 50% maximum
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q
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long arm
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constitutive heterochromatin
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condensed in interphase in all cells
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caenogenesis/cenogenesis
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evolutionary acquisition of new characters at a pre-adult stage directly rather than by condensation from an ancestral adult condition
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parsimony
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tree structure requiring the smallest amount of character evolution is the best working hypothesis (simplest explanation of existing data)
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complementary principle
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scientist must describe both the volitional (subjective) and cognitional (objective) aspects of measurement
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alignment
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arrangements of homologous DNA sequences to identify specific site or positional homologies
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gradualism
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geological change occurs in small increments, which accumulate over time to produce large changes
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nondirectionalism
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dynamic steady state
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selective (volition)
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questions asked, concepts formed and measurements chosen
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objective (cognition)
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measurements taken represent that dynamics of the system being studied
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phylogeny
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the structure of evolutionary history is a branching tree of lineages
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heterochrony
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evolutionary change in developmental rates and timing
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modularity
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characteristic, semi-autonomous patterns of gene expression and cellular proliferation and differentiation
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derived state
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ingroup state other than the ancestral one
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ambiguous
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no shares states between ingroup and outgroup
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homoplasy
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character similarity that does not represent common ancestry
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parallelism
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lineages diverge from their common ancestor but not from each other
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reversal
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evolutionary return to an ancestral character formerly changed or lost
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convergence
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origin of superficailly similar features by dissimilar evolutionary processes
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abnormal 4:4 segregation
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no repair is made
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adjacent 2
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homologous centromeres move to the same pole in meiosis 1
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adjacent 1 segregation
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frequency = .5-frequqency of adjacent 2
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aneuploid
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having chromosome number not integral multiple of haploid set
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barr body
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constantly condensed inactive X chromosomes in humans
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chiasma frequency
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twice recombination frequency
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coefficient of coincidence
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ratio of observed double crossovers to actual double crossovers
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frequency of second division segregation
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66.7 if genes very far from centromere
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insertional translocation
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insertion of a segment of one chromosome into a different, non-homologous chromosome
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maximum likelihood
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can apply complex molecular evolutionary models to determine which phylogenic tree structure best explains observed variation in aligned sequences
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postmeiotic segregation
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5:3, hybrid DNA present in product of meiosis 2
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synaptomorphy
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shared derived character
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