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261 Cards in this Set
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|
horse:
-most common catheter site -most common sedative -premed issues |
jug
A2 ag (xyl, det, rom) but limited b/c paradoxical excitement |
|
horse induction combo and 3 types
also 1 nono |
ket/benzo or thiopental
NO propofol b/c of excitement stage in adult horses. foals, donkeys and minis ok though free drop wall induction gate induction |
|
horse intubation is _______
|
blind
|
|
quick changes of maintenance drugs in horses?
|
is very hard b/c of large volume so HAVE injectable ket ready if they start moving or something
|
|
2 places to monitor horse anesthesia depth
|
neck muscles/legs tighten first
eyes too (palpebral reflex gone and nystagmus) |
|
horse BP monitoring, direct or indirect? 2 locations to git it done.
|
want direct 99% of the time. dorsal metatarsal or facial artery.
indirect if <30m surgery |
|
how often to get horse blood gas during sx?
|
every 30-90m
|
|
horse hypoventilation
-occurrence and tolerance |
all horses hypoventilate
less than 45m is OK. over this you need mechanical ventilation |
|
what drug in horses for blood pressure support?
|
dobutamine! increases CO and BP.
|
|
what are 2 complications for horses laying down in surgery?
|
post-anesthetic myopathy
post-anesthetic neuropathy |
|
when will you first notice myopathy from horse anesthesia?
|
when they try to stand
note can ALSO be in just about any muscle whether it was down or not. |
|
what's the limit to horse sx length?
|
3 hours
|
|
3 tx for equine myopathy
|
mannitol
analgesia (NSAIDs, butorph) ace for anxiety |
|
what's the minimum MAP in a horse?
|
75 mmHg
|
|
what nerve is most commonly messed up in horse anesthesia and what's the sign?
|
radial
dropped elbow |
|
where is the lesion in equine spinal cord myelomalacia?
|
thoracolumbar
"dog sitting position" note it's in SHORT duration anesthesia |
|
what should you axe the owner of a heavily muscled quarter horse before anesthesia?
|
do you know the HYPP status?
|
|
how do you treat HYPP?
|
acetazolamide
|
|
what should you do with a PSSM horse with resting CK over 1000?
|
send it home for a month on a high fat low carb diet.
|
|
how long should horses take to stand after anesthesia?
|
an hour
|
|
prolonged recoveries (2 hours) not uncommon after _____ sx
|
colic
|
|
what should you do if a horse is taking too long to recover?
|
blood gas
|
|
what's the main cause of horse rough recoveries?
|
emerging too fast before coordination has returned
|
|
how can you try to smoothen the recovery post-op in horses?
|
give some romifidine or ace after discontinuing the inhalant
|
|
what's the MOST critical preparation for equine anesthesia
|
IV fluids
also be sure to tx endotoxemia if it's a colic sx |
|
horse anesthetic protocols:
-premed -induce -maintain -MAC reduction |
xylazine butorphanol
ket diaz/midaz iso or sevo ket or lidocaine CRI |
|
T/F oxygenation often worsens after abdominal decompression in horses
|
false. often improves.
|
|
when do you usually not give recovery sedatives in horses?
|
colic sx
remember if recovery is going long check blood gas and electrolytes |
|
DOC for farm animal regional? adjunct?
|
lidocaine
epinephrine intensifies, prolongs and detoxifies it |
|
what's the only FDA approved farm animal regional drug?
|
proparacaine topical in the eye
|
|
how can you paralyze the eyelids without analgesia?
|
auriculopalpebral branch of facial nerve
|
|
T/F when you do a retrobulbar block you blind them too
|
true.
|
|
what are the boundaries for a peterson eye block? where are you injecting?
|
supraorbital process, zygomatic arch and coronoid process of mandible
pterygopalatine fossa |
|
where do you block for nose ring or nasal lac repair?
|
infraorbital foramen
|
|
what nerve blocked in cattle for dehorning? where is it?
|
cornual branch of zygomaticotemporal. halfway btw lateral canthus and horn.
|
|
what's the additional nerve blocked in the goat?
|
infratrochlear nerve
|
|
what should definitely be used in mature goats with big horns?
|
general anesthesia
|
|
what 3 anesthesia techniques are used for paralumbar fossa standing surgery?
|
infiltration
proximal paravertebral thoracolumbar distal paravertebral thoracolumbar |
|
infiltration anesthesia in cattle:
-2 types and commonality -disadvantages |
line block (easy/common)
inverted L (less edema/better healing) incomplete analgesia and relaxation and you use a LOT of drug |
|
proximal paravertebral thoracolumbar:
-what you're blocking -used for what (2)? -how to tell it worked |
T13, L1 and L2
C-section, foreteat mammary sx paralumbar is numb, increased skin temp, scoliosis (arch) twd blocked side |
|
distal paravertebral thoracolumbar:
-what you're blocking |
same as proximal, BUT landmarks are distal L1, L2 and L4 transverse process from lateral aspect!
no scoliosis here though. |
|
3 needle placements for cattle epidural
|
L6-S1
S5-Co1 Co1-Co2 |
|
T/F lumbosacral epidural can affect pelvic limbs
|
true.
|
|
3 uses for cattle epidural
|
tail dockin
vag stuff abdominal/teat/udder sx |
|
list 4 drugs used in cattle epidural
|
lidocaine
xylazine ketamine alcohol xyl/lid combo |
|
see farm animal S17
|
ok
|
|
relieves rectal tenesmus associated with rectal prolapse
no sciatic block so won't lay down. tail still works too |
what's the use of sacral paravertebral anesthesia and why?
|
|
what does the sacral paravertebral block block?
|
S3 4 and 5
|
|
use of internal pudendal block in males and females
|
males = penile analgesia distal to sigmoid
females = straining caused by uterine/vag prolapse |
|
T/F lateral recumbency is preferred for teat injury repair
|
false. standing is best.
|
|
what are the 4 teat/udder blocks?
|
ring block of teat
inverted V block of teat teat-cistern infusion IV regional anesthesia of teat |
|
which teat/udder block can you NOT do outside sx with?
|
teat/cistern infusion
|
|
look at the teat/mamm blocks
|
ok.
|
|
ring block:
good for digit or foot? |
digit not so much foot
|
|
what is the 4 point block of the thoracic limb?
|
dorsal metacarpal
medial palmar palmar branch of ulnar dorsal branch of ulnar |
|
what is the 4 point block of the pelvic limb?
|
superficial and deep peroneal
medial and lateral plantar metatarsals |
|
2 techniques for removing corns (interdigital fibromas)
|
2 injections at jxn of claws at dorsal and volar aspects
one injection at dorsal site into interdigital space |
|
technique for castration anesthesia
|
incision line subQ lidocaine, then needle though skin below tail of epididymis into center of ball.
|
|
patient with liver disease. before sx what are you doing. 4 things.
|
chem for protein and clotting factors. also ultrasound and neuro exam.
|
|
GDV pre-sx bloodwork big deal
|
lactate!. if it's over 6 you're in bad shape.
|
|
GDV how to treat cardiac arrhythmias (2 big deals)
|
lidocaine CRI
desforaxamine (Fe2+ chelator) |
|
what are you watching for when you do a GI biopsy?
|
abdominal distension (insuflation)
|
|
patient with head trauma. what 2 drugs do you NOT want to use?
|
drugs that increase ICP!
ketamine halothane |
|
what are 2 really good drugs when a patient has hemorrhage?
|
etomidate and ketamine
|
|
C section anesthesia. which drug do you use that doesn't have fx on le fetus? name another one too.
|
NMB! atracurium
glycopyrrolate |
|
list 5 super important issues with C section patients?
|
GASTRIC regurgitation
MAC can be down by 40% at term! so need less anesthetics anemia of pregnancy reduced FRC so more hypoxia hyperventilation |
|
C section maintenance. what kind of inhalants? super important thing when you're trying to AVOID FETAL ACIDOSIS!!!!!!!!
|
insoluble inhalants are safer!
halothane increases fetal acidosis! |
|
C section in LA:
-what systems do you want to block with an epidural. what are 3 possible side fx? |
complete sensory, motor and SNS!
vasodilation tachycardia maybe CNS signs |
|
list 4 things unique about foals in anesthesia
|
no fat reserves!
altered carb metabolism hypoglycemia due to minimal glyc storage altered immune system |
|
what's unique about foal cardio?
|
CO is HR dependent!!!!
|
|
what are 4 things that increase horse anesthesia mortality?
|
emergency procedures
old or young over 3 hours fracture repair sx |
|
what are 3 groups of agents used for standing horse sedation?
|
phenothiazines (ace)
alpha2 (X, Rom, Det) opioids (butorph) |
|
ace in horses:
-vasc fx -onset and duration -muscles |
hypotension
15-30m, 6-10h minimal relaxion/ataxia |
|
a2 agonists:
-which is best -how to tell they're good -bonus |
detomidine is good (X too ataxic)
dropped head (2 ft rule) and ataxia temp pain relieve b4 anesthesia |
|
4 side fx with alpha2s in horses
|
AV block
paradoxical aggression decreased CO and resp PU nasopharygeal collapse |
|
opioids in horses:
-maybe bad? -used with what? -most common one |
can cause nervous/excitedness
with a2s or phenothiazines butorphanol |
|
which a2 can be a good CRI for standing horse sx?
|
detomidine
|
|
what's up with romifidine?
|
much like detomidine except they don't drop they're head so good for dentals
|
|
list 4 common IV induction/maintenance drugs in horsies
|
ket
thio diaz/midaz guaifenesin |
|
T/F sedatives should be given prior to horse induction for smoother recovery and induction
|
true man.
|
|
most common horse induction drug?
application? |
ket
combined with benzo or high dose a2. short duration though so can be used for "top up" anesthesia |
|
telazol not recommended for horses cuz of rough recoveries except when?
|
TKD combo
|
|
thiopental used to be #1 in horse induction now it's not. how come?
|
side fx of hypovent and hypotension. and short duration of action.
|
|
propofol is pretty good but tough to use in horses, why?
|
hard to get large volume in fast! used in foals and minis and donkeys though.
|
|
guaiphenesin
-MOA -most common use in horses? |
central acting musc relaxant
5% solution (higher = hemolysis) |
|
what's a "triple drip" or "double drip"?
|
trip = guai + K + X
dub = guai + thio |
|
what should be your max length of field anesthesia in horses?
|
an hour
|
|
4 field anesthesia protocol names in horses
|
single inj
top up trip drip dub drip |
|
single injection in horse field anesthesia:
-do it -"top up"? |
premed with X +/- butorphanol
induce with ket/benzo can top up with small extra ket and x |
|
what's the ket based horse protocol? premed, induce and maintain.
|
p = X or butorph
Induce with ket/benzo maint with triple drip to effect |
|
thio based horse protocol. premed induce and maintain.
|
pre = X
induce = GG IV to effect or thio maintain = "double drip" |
|
thiobased protocol good in who, bad in who?
|
good in neuro/seizure patients
BAD in hypovolemic/shock patients |
|
pain and stress do what to drug requirements for anesthesia? what about hypovolemia?
|
might increase them!
hypovolemics can be more susceptible to overdose |
|
what kind of oxygen tanks for horses and how many?
|
E cyclinders
as many as 1.25 per 10 minutes! |
|
2 considerations for hypovolemic horses?
|
crystalloids, 7% hypertonic saline, hetastarch, you know.
|
|
what position should a horses down leg be in?
|
forward!!!!!!
|
|
horse with a broken leg how can you help it's pain and anxiety?
|
butorph
NSAIDs a2 high doses probably |
|
what kind of protocol for dystocia in horses induction and maintenance?
|
ket/benzo and a triple drip
|
|
what dogs get DCM vs mitral valve insufficiency?
|
DCM = big dogs
mitral valve insuff = small dogs |
|
what's the best indicator if a cardiac patient can tolerate anesthesia?
|
presence/absence of exercise intolerance
|
|
3 categories of cardiac patients
|
mild = no signs, no meds
moderate = signs controlled w/ meds severe = signs poorly controlled w/ meds |
|
what 2 anesthetics impair calcium utilization in cardiac patients?
|
inhalants and barbiturates
|
|
what 2 anesthetics alter SVR in cardiac patients?
|
inhalants and injectables
|
|
what 4 anesthetics alter HR and rhythym in cardiac patients?
|
anticholinergics
opioids ket a2 |
|
what 3 anesthetics cause intracellular acidosis and resp depression in cardiac patients?
|
barbiturates
propfol opioids |
|
what diseased animal might have HCM?
|
hyperthyroid kitty
|
|
HCM premed? and what about with a dynamic outflow-tract obstruction?
|
opioid/benzo.
**low dose a2 agonist in dynamic outflow-tract obstruction**!!! |
|
HCM induction and maintenance?
|
ind: propofol/etomidate
maint = iso or sevo |
|
2 things to avoid in HCM
|
ace!
ket! |
|
DCM:
before anesthesia? |
treat CM with digoxin, ace inhibitors, diuretics
|
|
DCM premed, induction and maintenance
|
opioid/benzo
etomidate minimal inhalant! (fentanyl CRI!) |
|
DCM 3 things to avoid
|
thio, propofol, ket
ace a2-agonists |
|
valvular heart dz
-evaluation -principle of anesthesia |
rads and U/S
opioids |
|
valvular heart dz:
what 1 thing to avoid? |
a2 agonists! (incr afterload)
|
|
what should be done prior to sx on a pericardial tamponade patient?
|
centesis!
|
|
what can you use to put at PDA shunt back where it belongs (L to R)?
|
phenylephrine
|
|
what acts as a "chemical pacemaker"?
|
isoproterenol
b1 and b2 |
|
what drug is an arterial dilator that decreases afterload?
|
Na nitroprusside
|
|
what drug has mainly B effects and increases contractility and muscle work?
|
dobutamine
|
|
what's the first line tx for VPCs? for refractory VPCs or APCs?
|
lidocaine
procainamide |
|
what's the most beneficial drug in cats for improving cardiac output and ABP?
|
dopamine
|
|
T/F local ischemia and hypoxia can occur even if renal bloodflow is normal
|
true!
|
|
T/F ALL anesthetics are likely to decrease GFR. how?
|
twue.
decreased RBF |
|
what's the premed with minimal fx on renal function?
|
benzodiazepines
|
|
2 induction agents of choice in renal patients?
|
etomidate and propofol
|
|
what induction agent actually INCREASES RBF?
|
ketamine
|
|
what do inhalants do to renal blood flow?
|
preserve autoregulation
|
|
what are 4 effects of azotemia on anesthesia?
|
increased BBB crossin'
more unbound drug impaired consciousness bradyarrhythmias |
|
relate serum potassium to anesthesia worthiness
|
over 6 = no way jose
over 5.5 = only if emergency |
|
how to tx hyperkalemia before anesthesia? 4 thingies.
|
.9% NaCl
glucose bicarb calcium |
|
what can CRF do to an animal under anesthesia's vascular system?
|
hypotension!
|
|
renal diseased animals:
-preop -premed |
fluids!!! correct e- and a/b problems
opioid and benzodiazepines |
|
renal diseased animals
-induction and maintenance |
induce: rapid and SHORT acting (looooooooow dose as possible). propofol/etomidate.
maint: iso or sevo |
|
2 key ass monitoring items with renal dz patients
|
urine output
CVP |
|
renal anesthesia:
normal urine output |
1-2 ml/kg/hr
|
|
renal patient CVP:
-indicates what? -alarm |
central blood volume
10cm elevations from baseline = overload or inadequate myocard fxn. |
|
what do you do if your CVP goes up too much?
|
drop your fluids
dopamine |
|
dopamine:
-what species needs higher dose -to urine? |
cats
increases urine (that's IT THOUGH) |
|
what diuretic can improve RBF AND GFR in a renal patient?
|
mannitol!!
|
|
what is the most sensitive thing with neuro stuff? how?
|
CO2
dilates intracranial vessels |
|
what 4 things can cause changes in CBF?
|
oxygen
CO2 MAP venous outflow |
|
what is CPP?
|
cerebral perfusion pressure. pressure required to flow into the cranial vault and perfuse the bwain.
CPP = MAP - ICP |
|
relationship between PaCO2 and CBF?
|
linear!!!!!
|
|
what types of anesthesia drugs interfere with autoregulation? 2.
|
inhalants
any injectable that increases PaCO2 |
|
as ________ goes up, CGF decreases to a point
|
PaO2
|
|
Monro-Kellie doctrine?
|
ICP = brain + blood + CSF. so if one tissue increases in volume, one or both of the other 2 must decrease in volume to prevent an increase in ICP.
|
|
signs of increased ICP?
|
cushing's reflex!!
bradycardia!! MAP increases and ICP increases to maintain CPP 'member..CPP=MAP-ICP |
|
list 2 "brain friendly" drugs
|
benzodiazepines (decr ICP)
opioids (minimal fx period) |
|
3 drugs to avoid in neuro patients
|
phenothiazines
a2 butryphenones |
|
neuro dz
induction and maintenance + the big NONO |
induce w/ etomidate/propofol or barbiturates
maint = propofol CRI NO dissociatives!! |
|
neuro dz + inhaled anesthetics?
|
no they are all bad.
|
|
3 tx for increased ICP
|
hyperventilate! (ET of 28-32
mannitol steroids |
|
IVDD anesthesia:
premed induce maint |
benzo/opioid
propofol/thio iso/sevo |
|
IVDD pain management?
|
topical epidural!
|
|
4 drugs that reduce seizures?
|
benzo
propofol/thio etomidate |
|
ophthalmic disease anesthesia:
lubrication protocol |
DON'T LUBE THE EYE!!!!!!!!!!!!
|
|
4 events that increase IOP?
|
vomiting
laryngeal stimulation anesthetics body position |
|
2 drugs to use and not to use with ophthalmic patients with respect to vomiting
|
NO opioids or a2
YES cerenia (maropitent) and ace |
|
how to avoid laryngeal stim in ophthalmic patients?
|
quick induction (propfol/thio)
|
|
2 drugs that increase IOP?
|
ket/telazol
SYMPATHETIC stimulation does it |
|
eye movement is bad in eye sx. so what to do?
|
need neuromuscular paralysis and mechanical ventilation.
|
|
how to manage eye pain pre and post sx?
|
topical morphine
|
|
fatties have chronic _________ which leads to ______
|
hypoxemia
hypertension and polycythemia |
|
what happens in obesity hypoventilation syndrome?
|
chronic hypoxia -> PaO2 becomes major ventilatory drive instead of PaCO2. patients may stop spontaneous ventilation when put on 100% oxygen.
|
|
try to calculate fat animal drugs based on fat or lean body weight?
|
lean!
|
|
CO2 insufflation for laparoscopy causes pseudo________
|
respiratory acidemia
|
|
T/F well regulated DM is usually OK for anesthesia
|
right
|
|
DM preanesthetic workup? 4 things
|
full blood
UA blood gas urine ketones |
|
best way to anesthetize ketone+ animals
|
DO NOT ANESTHETIZE THEM.
|
|
DM sx
-when? -peri-anesthesia insulin |
early in the morning
1/2 food, 1/2 insulin no food, no insulin |
|
how often to monitor glucose
|
30-60m
|
|
what do animals under anesthesia seizuring look like?
|
you can't tell!!!!! trapped in a glass cage of emotion!
|
|
how much dextrose to maintain sugar ups under anesthesia?
|
2.5 or 5% dextrose but NO MORE
|
|
how long should you monitor glucose in a DM sx patient?
|
until fully recovered and eating
|
|
what should AVOID in DM patients so they don't decompensate?
|
corticosteroids
|
|
insulinoma:
-giving dextrose? |
can actually make hypoglycemia worse!!! feedback you know.... monitor glucose every 15 minutes.
|
|
insulinoma-ectomy surgery can result in post-operative ________
|
pancreatits
|
|
what can happen when you disturb a pheochromocytoma?
|
could fuck shit up. nitroprusside for hypertension and esmolol for tachycardia
|
|
4 goals in stabilizing addison's animals pre-sx
|
correct dehydr/hypovolemic shock
fix renal function correct e- imbalances give glucocorticoids |
|
what are 2 keys in addison's sx?
|
fluids fluids fluids!!!!!
and perioperative corticosteroids |
|
what roids to give pre-op and intra-op in addison's animals?
|
preop dex
intra prednisolone |
|
cushing's animals predisposed to what 5 things?
|
infection
poor wound healing pulmonary/venous thrombosis hypertension |
|
pheochromocytoma
2 common issues |
cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension
|
|
start with 1-2 weeks prior to anesthesia for a pheochromocytoma. 2 drugs to be givin'
|
phenoxybenazmine (a-blocker) and propranolol.
|
|
beta blockers should not be used without ________
|
alpha blockers!
|
|
intraoperative pheochromocytoma issues?
|
high risk of blood loss so have blood available!
|
|
hypothyroid:
-recovery? -drug fx? |
can have slow recovery
drugs can be exacerbated so LOWER dosages |
|
hypothyroid patients are often obese and anemic. so what?
|
may require mechanical ventilation
|
|
hyperthyroid cats often have underlying ______ and ____
|
cardiomyopathy and renal failure
|
|
what should preop meds in hyperthyroid cats include?
|
thyroid meds (carbimazole or methimazole)
|
|
hyperthyroid but stable cats:
premed induction 2 avoidables |
opioid premed
prop/etomidate induction NO atropine NO ketamine |
|
hyperthyroid but douche cats:
premed induction |
owners can premed with low dose ace/midaz or dex at home!
box w/ sevo?....can be hella stressful-> hypotension |
|
what are the "big four" lab work?
|
PCV
TP BUN glucose |
|
most common orthopedic dz causing arrhythmias in dogs and cats?
|
dogs = pelvic and hind limb
cats = head |
|
cats intra-operative pain mgmt in orthopedic disease?
|
morphine or fent/ket no lidocaine!
|
|
all dental patients should be ________ with a ________
|
intubated with a cuffed ET tube
|
|
in cats, dentistry has been associated with _________. so be sure to ________.
|
tracheal rupture!
disconnect ET tube when turning patient |
|
3 local blocks in dental patients?
|
infraorbital
mandibular mental |
|
define geriatric.
|
75% of expected life span
|
|
geriatric patients:
4 cardio things are down |
arterial compliance
myocardial compliance max HR max CO |
|
what do geriatrics depend on more cardiovascularly?
|
preload! not as tolerant to volume depletion.
|
|
geriatric thoraxes are more loose or rigid?
|
rigid
|
|
what's an important predictor of perioperative outcome in geriatrics AND cardiac patients?
|
exercise tolerance
|
|
T/F quiet/debilitated geriatrics may not need sedation
|
TRUE
|
|
what combo provides the LEAST amount of cardiovasc depression for premeds if needed?
|
benzodiaz + opioid
|
|
geriatric induction drugs and important point
|
propofol/etomidate
preoxygenate for 5 minutes before inducing!!!!! |
|
geriatric maintenance drugs
|
iso/sevo
|
|
T/F you want to be a little extra aggressive with fluids in geriatrics
|
FALSE!!! they can't compensate so be extra careful.
|
|
caution with use of NSAIDs post operatively in ____ and ____
|
cats and geriatrics
|
|
malignant hyperthermia:
-cause -1st discovered in whom? |
ryanodine receptor 1 gene. uncontrolled Ca release from SR.
PIGS |
|
malignant hyperthermia:
-associated w/ what exactly? -other triggers -what increases? |
inhalants! mainly halothane
stress also can trigger incr in muscle o2 requirement and lactic acid production |
|
1st sign of malignant hyperthermia under anesthesia? treatment?
|
increase ET CO2
usually no good..maybe dantrolene avoid inhalants if animal identified. use total IV anesthesia |
|
define tranquilization
|
behavioral change, relieved anxiety. patient is relaxed but aware
|
|
define sedation
|
central depression + drowsiness
|
|
dissociative anesthesia:
-2 systems -2 reflexes left |
thalamocortical and limbic
eyes open and swallowing intact |
|
patient evaluation categories 1-5
|
1 = normal
2 = local or mild systemic dz 3 = severe systemic dz 4 = "" and constant life threat 5 = deaths door no matter what |
|
vhat are the 5 hypos?
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hypothermia
hypotension hypoventilation bradycardia pain |
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how to give thio?
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1/3 rapid bolus then titrate to fx
|
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ET tube size based on what?
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weight
|
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MAC of iso and sevo?
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iso 1.3
sevo 2.3 surgical mac is 2 and 3.45 |
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what is the stage and plane for sx?
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stage 3 plane 2
|
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what is epinephrine used for during CPR?
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it's alpha effects
|
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2 causes of sinus bradycardia?
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hypothermia
vagal tone increase |
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what drug can never be given IT?
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bicarb
|
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T/F a good way to assess perfusion is a pulse. other good idea?
|
FALSE! CVC can make a pulse.
use end tidal!!!!!!! higher is better |
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2 biggest causes of sinus tachycardia under anesthesia?
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pain, hypovolemia
|
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normal mean ABP?
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80-120
|
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normal PaO2 and it's corresponding SpO2?
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70mmHg
= 93% SpO2 |
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what are green, blue and black gas cylinders?
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green = o2
blue = nitrous oxide (gas+liquid) black = N |
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critical temp of o2?
|
-119
|
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which tank can't you tell pressure via the pressure?
|
Nitrous, need weight
|
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which mapleson do we use?
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mapleson D
note a bain is just a mapleson d made nicer |
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4 products of CO2 absorbent?
|
Ca carbonate
Na carbonate water heat |
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what's the hole in the end of the tube?
|
murphy eye
|
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biggest clue on chemistry for bleeding having occured?
|
low total solids!!!
|
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maintenance fluid rate?
|
40-60 ml/kg/day
|
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remember...NEVER BOLUS a _________fluid. if in doubt, use__
|
maintenance!
LRS |
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shock dose in dog and cat?
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90 in dog
45 in cat |
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____ have higher fluid req
_______ have lower fluid req |
pediatrics higher
old and fat lower |
|
phenothiazine mech + analgesia
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inhibit dopamine. no analgesia
lowers seizure threshold |
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a2 not with _____ dz or ______dz
|
liver or kidney dz
|
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what combo causes myocardial infarcts and death????
|
ket +anticholinergics!
so no atropine, glycopyrrolate |
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what causes heinz body anemia in cats?
|
propofol
|
|
T/F all anesthetized patients hypoventilate
|
TRUE.
|
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what 2 variables can we manipulate with mechanical ventilation?
|
RR and tidal volume
|
|
brachycephalic airway syndrome. 5 parts.
|
stenotic nares
hypoplastic trachea everted laryngeal saccules elongated soft palate redundant pharyngeal tissue |
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#1 complication associated with general anesthesia?
|
hypothermia
|
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in animals, most heat loss is via __ and ___
|
convection and conduction
|
|
sight hounds like greys, salukis, whippets etc suck with anesthesia why?
|
altered barbiturate pharmacokinetics
|
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kitty dipstick has ketones. eh?
|
hold off on the anesthesia there
|
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cat shock organ?
|
lungs
'member dog is liver. |
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what can cause mania in cats at high doses?
|
morphine
|
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what can cause hyperthermia in cats?
|
opioids like hydromorphone
|
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what can really piss cats off drug wise?
|
benzodiazepines esp midazolam
|
|
avoid NSAIDs in who?
|
pregnant/nursing bitches and puppies under 3 weeks
|
|
acetaminophen mech
|
cox 3
|
|
most common NMBA? elimination?
|
atracurium!
hoffman elimination so hepatic or renal dz don't matter! |
|
reptiles are more sensitive to low PO2 or high PCO2?
|
low PO2!
|
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most common pain manager in exotics?
|
opioids
|
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what drug is NOT used in obstetric local anesthesia?
|
mepivacaine (ion trapping)
|
|
cranial-ness of epidural is based on what?
|
volume of drug given
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