341substance

use: Occasional ingestion of substances

abuse: Interference in life or impairment in functioning due to substance use

Substance intoxication
* Physiological reaction to ingestion of substance

physiological + psychological dependence

increasing amounts required to achieve the same effect

less sensitive to drug effects

negative physical reactions to quitting

urges to use drugs, often as a means of relieving negative mood states (repeated use, need to use more, cant quit)

GHB/GBL

coke, meth, nicotine, heroin

all are stimulants EXCEPT heroin is an Opiate

maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: 

1. recurrent subtance use resulting in failure to complete school/work
2. recurrent substance use that is physically hazardous
3. substance related legal problems
4. continued use despite negative effects

B. symptoms have never met the criteria for substance dependence

A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: 
(1) Tolerance
(2) Withdrawal 
(3) the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended 
4. cant quit
5. much time is spent attaing the substance and use it
6. other activities are given up
7. substance is continued despite knowledge of the problem

*ranks substances in terms of their harm
*trying to shape drug laws by showing that drug behavior is culturall bound

*legal drugs are more harmful
than illegal drugs

heroin

alcohol

6% = dependence

31% = abuse

alcohol: withdrawal delirium, liver disease, brain damage

nicotine: heart/lung cancer

opiates: overdose, HIV

club drugs: dysregulate homeostatic systems, heart problems

weed: learning/decision making, lung problems

depression of inhibitory centers in the brain (frontal cortex)

frontal cortex is the 1st to go b/c it is the most expendable

don't use the FC during exercise

TYPE 1: Later onset and absence of antisocial personality; both men and women

TYPE 2: Early onset and presence of antisocial personality; possibly “male limited?”

with type 2 genetic background, alcohol abuse is likely regardless of the context in which you are raised

these drinks cause people to feel drunk b/c of their EXPECTATIONS

naturally synthesized endorphins. Alcohol is hypothesized to be associated with exaggerated response of opioid system

Individuals at risk for alcoholism have a genetically determined deficiency in serotonin activity in the limbic system (acute intoxication  increases in serotonin

Alcohol consumption reinforced by its ability to relieve unpleasant emotional states, especially fear and anxiety

agonist
antagonistic
aversive

Safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug; e.g., methadone, nicotine gum

Drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances; e.g., naltrexone for opiate and alcohol

Drugs that make the consumption of abused substances extremely unpleasant; e.g., antabuse for alcoholism

alcohol