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45 Cards in this Set

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Lines of defense
Intact skin and linings
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Pathogens
Disease-causing organisms.
Skin bacteria
Compete with pathogenic microbes, as Lactobacillus bacteria that produce lactate in the vaginal mucosa.
Lactate
Produced by Lactobacillus bacteria, creates low pH that most pathogenic bacteria cannot tolerate.
Antibiotics may kill Lactobacillus, allowing Candida to thrive (yeast infection).
Cilia
Protein filaments that line the mucosa. Sweep foreign debris upwards and out of the body.
We swallow much of the debris we inhale.
Coated with mucus that traps some organisms.
Enzymes in mucus
Lysozyme, chemically destroys trapped pathogens.
What smoking does to cilia.
Alters shape of cilia, mucosa becomes toughened, no longer traps debris.
Must cough to remove debris.
Parts in skin and lining defense:
Bacteria
Cilia and mucus
Epidermis
Dermis
Defensive Chemicals
Protection value of epidermis
Keratinized squamous cells eventually die, form dead, dry, scaly top layer of skin, which limits bacteria and fungi survival.
Protection value of dermis
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a waxy lipid that reduces skin cracks.
Lysozymes
In tears and saliva, chemically destroy pathogens
Urine's value as defensive chemical
Low pH retards bacterial and fungal growth.
Mucus in goblet cells
Can flush out pathogens from GI tract.
HCL in gastric fluids
Destroys most pathogens in the stomach because of low pH.
Innate Immunity
General and often first response to internal invasion. Usually gets the job done.
Attacks all invaders.
Components of Innate Immunity system
Main:
Lymphatic system
Macrophages
Complement Proteins

Other:
Mast cells
Fever
Dendritic Cells
Lymphatic system
Collects fluids leaked out of capillary beds, passes it through lymph nodes before returning it to blood stream.
Lymph nodes and the spleen
Have chambers where WBCs accumulate after they have been produced in bone marrow.
Macrophages
Engulf foreign substances in the body.
Antigen
Foreign substance.
After consuming antigens, macrophages release:
Cytokines, which attract other defense cells.
Complement proteins
Circulate in blood.
May join to form a tube that kills antigens by puncturing them.
May coat an antigen so that macrophages can stick to antigen and destroy it.
Mast cells
Type of WBC. Responds to activated complement proteins in blood.
Release histamines which make arterioles dilate and capillaries to leak plasma, causing edema (swelling).
Fever
Occurs when macrophages release cytokines that increase body temperature.
Dendritic Cells
A type of WBC
Respond to inflammation and fever by alerting the 3rd line of defense (adaptive immune system).
T-cells
Lymphocytes (WBCs) that specialize after being transported to the thymus gland.
Helper T-cells
Attach to all foreign MHC markers.
Release cytokines that stimulate more lymphocyte production or start alert system.
MHCs
Surface proteins
Cytotoxic T-cells
Directly attack cells with foreign MHC markers. Release perforin toxin.
Also secrete chemicals that cause apoptosis to cells they touch. (Touch-kill)
Perforin Toxin
Released by cytotoxic cells, perforates and kills antigens and infected body cells.
APCs
Antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, dendritics, and other cells that display the surface proteins of foreign cells.
Elements in Cell-mediated immunity (6)
APCs
Cytokines
Naive T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T-cells
Memory T-cells
APC's role in Cell-mediated immunity
APC consumes antigen, processes its surface protein, and displays foreign protein on surface of APC. Also releases cytokines to alert body to invasion.
Cytokines' role in Cell-mediated immunity
Cause leaky capillaries. WBCs flow into tissues. Edema (swelling) occurs.
Naive T-cells
Unspecialized T-cell. Binds to MHC complex presented by macrophage.
Splits to become:
Cytotoxic T-cell
Helper T-cell
Memory T-cell
Apoptosis
Cell death
Memory T-cells
Held in reserve, attack future invaders without waiting for macrophage to bring MHC complex.
Secondary immune response
(reinfection of the same invader) Peaks in 2-3 days because of memory T-cells.
Primary immune response peaks in:
4-5 days, severe or chronic infection may result.
Naive B-cells
Unspecialized cells form in bone marrow and become plasma cells that release antibodies.
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Ig's) that attach to surface of antigens. Each type of antibody has a specific target.
IgM antibodies
First antibody produced during infection. Arms for binding to clumped targets such as viruses.
IgA antibodies
In mucus, prevents invaders from attacking respiratory and digestive systems.
IgE antibodies
Stimulates release of histamines when it binds to antigen. Promotes inflammation and fever.
Antibody-mediated immunity
Antibodies (Igs) attach to surface of antigens. Attract body defense cells, alert APCs. Body defense cells destroy antigens.