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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Small intestine parts
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duodenum,
jejunum, ileum |
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Layers of GI wall (Inside to Out)
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Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa |
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Mucosa
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- innermost layer
Epithelium Lamina propria: CT, capillaries Muscularis mucosae |
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Submucosa
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Meissner’s nerve plexus
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Muscularis externa
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circular and longitudinal sm muscle
Myenteric/Auerbach’s nerve plexus |
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Serosa
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outer most layer
Sqamous mesothelial cell layer |
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Hormones that increase peristalsis
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Parasympathetic
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Hormones that slow down peristalsis
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Norepinephrine
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Enteric Nervous system
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Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach's Plexus)
Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's Plexus |
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Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach's Plexus)
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Movement & Mixing. . . Secretions
propagated over distance |
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Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's Plexus)
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Secretions of glands
local |
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GI parasympathetic nerves
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Vagus: Esophagus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, upper 1/3 colon
Pelvic: sacral --> 2/3 colon, rectum anus |
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GI Sympathetic reflexes
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Don't go through spinal cord
Gastrocolic reflex Enterogastric Reflex Coloileal Reflex |
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Gastrocolic Reflex
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Sympathetic Reflex
eat --> poop |
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Enterogastric Reflex
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Sympathetic Reflex
Stay in stomach sm intestine undigested protein --> stop stomach from emptying |
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Coloileal Reflex
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Sympathetic Reflex
Stay in Ileum irritates colon |
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Secretin
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S cells - Duodenum --> blood
+ aqueous secretions, pepsin, pancrease - effects of Gastrin |
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Gastrin
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G cells stomach antrumn
HCl secretion |
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CCK (Cholecystokinin)
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Duodenum, Jejnumun --> blood
high fat + enzymatic secretions, pancrease, gall bladder - Stops stomach emptying, |
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GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
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Duodenum, jenjunum --> blood
+ insulin - stomach emptying |
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Vagovagal reflex
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Food into stomach, lets it stretch
relax lower esophageal sphincter |
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Stomach parts
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Fundus
Body Antrum |
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Inhibits Stomach emptying
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CCK
Enterogastric Reflex GIP |
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Hormones that increase peristalsis in Sm Intestine
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Gastrin, CCK, Insulin
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Hormones inhibit peristalsis
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Secretin, Glucagon
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Peristaltic Rush
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Irritate mucosa
myenteric plexus - brain stem reflex |
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BTW sm intestine & Colon
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Ileocecal valve
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Parts of the colon
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Cecum
Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum |
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Haustration Movements
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Slow movement in colon
ascending, Transverse sack like pouches |
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Mass Movements (colon)
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Whole segment constricts
duodenocolic & Gastrocolic reflexes (parasympathetic) |
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Salivary Secretions
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Ptyalin
Mucus thiocyanate, lysozymes, Ab Na+ |
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Neural control of saliva
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parotid Gland
Facial Nerve: Submaxillary, Submandibular, Sublingual Glands |
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Gastric Secretions
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Mucin
Pepsinogen HCl NaCl, KCl |
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Stomach Glands
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Oxcyntic Gland
Pyloric Glands |
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Oxcyntic Gland
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Body & Fundus
neck cells --> mucin & Pepsinogen Oxcyntic (Parietal) Cells --> HCl & Intrinsic factor |
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Intrinsic Factor
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absorb B12 or --> Pernicious anemia
Oxcyntic cells |
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Pyloric Glands
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Antrum
gastrin, mucin, Pepsinogen |
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increases acid secretion
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Vagovagal reflex
Gastrin Histamine ACh |
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Pahases of Gastric Secretion
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Cephalic 30% - seen/smelled
Gastric 60% -in stomach Intestinal 10% - intestine, CCK --> more pepsinogen |
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Stops Acid secretion
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excess acid
Enerogastic reflex --> Secretin, GIP |
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Pancreatic Proteases
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Trypsinogen
Chymotrpsinogen Procarboxypoypeptidase |
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Pancreatic Fat Enzymes
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Pancreatic lipase
Cholesterol Esterase Phopholipase |
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Pancreatic Carb Enzymes
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Pancreatic Amylase
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Secretin on Pancreas
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+ Aqueous/Bicarbonate secretion
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CCK on Pancreas
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CCK release b/c fat
Secretion of more enzymes |
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Pancreas secretes most during
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Intestinal Phase
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Brunner's Gland
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Alkaline Mucus
Secretes & stimulated by Secretin Vagal stimulation |
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Crypts of Lieberkuhn
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villi pits
Peptidases, Sucrase, Maltase, Isomaltase, Lactase |
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Secretes 1500 mL /Day
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Saliva glands
Small Intestine Pancrease |
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liver stores
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Iron
Vit A, D, B12 |
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Bile
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500 mL /day
Lecithin, Chol, bile acid/salts, bilirubin, Bicarbonate |
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Bile Control
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CCK --> release
Contract Gall blader, relax Sphincter of Oddi |
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Fats absorption
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lipases --> Micelles
absorbed as FA Triglycerides --> Lymph as Chylomicrons |
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Large intestine absorbes
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Proximal half water, Na, Cl
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Congenital Esophagus Dz
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Stenosis
Atresia Fistula |
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Stenosis
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Congenital
scaring Esophagus |
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Atresia
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missing part esophagus
Blind pouch Large for Date |
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Fistula
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Opening btw Esophagus & Trachea
Pneumonia |
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Dysphagia
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Trouble Swallowing
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Dysphasia
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Trouble Speaking
Asia = What you sway? |
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Achalasia
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Mechanical problem swallowing
Dysphagia Bad Esophagus, Esophogeal sphincter |
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Acid Reflux Causes
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Alchalasia
Esophagitis Barrett's Change |
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Esophageal Diverticulae
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Pouch Esophagus
Pulsion Diverticulae: higher up, hard swallowing, bad breath Traction Diverticulae: near stomach, inflammation, magicians |
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Pulsion Diverticulae
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higher up,
hard swallowing bad breath |
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Traction Diverticulae
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near stomach
inflammation, magicians bad breath |
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Hiatal Hernia
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stomach in thorax
Sliding type: Obese, common Rolling type: stomach btw diaphragms |
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Esophagitis
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inflammation mucosa, metaplasia
Acute acid reflux |
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Barrett's Change
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Esophagus - metaplasia
chronic injury |
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Esophageal Varices
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Vascular Dz
Dilation of Esophageal veins, Distal 1/3 Cirrohsis |
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Esophageal Cancer
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squamous cell from smoking
adenocarcinoma - acid reflux/ obesity glandular tissue |
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Stomach Disorders
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Pyloric Stenosis
Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Stress Ulcer Gastric Cancer Linitis Plastica |
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Pyloric Stenosis
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pyloric Sphincter hypertrophies
malnourish, vomit |
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Gastritis
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Acute: PMN, NSAIDS,
Chronic: Mucosa Atrophy, Mucin cell hyper -loss of acid cells, - Lymphocytes - B-12Deficiency older folks |
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H Pylori
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flora
G - Rod Urease Plasmid --> Destroys mucus |
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Peptic Ulcer
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excess acid - Can't replace fast enough
NSAIDS Zollinger - Ellison: Gastrin secreting tumor - pancreatic delta cells |
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Physiological Stress
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die of hypoxia
multiple erosions Shock |
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Gastric Cancer
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Adenocarcinoma - From gland, malignant
Risk factors: Type A bl, Smoked food, Chronic gastritis, H Pylori |
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Linitis Plastica
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Cancer mucosa
Signet ring shaped cells - nucleus on side |
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Small Bowel Dz (4)
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Intussusceptions
Mekle's Diverticulum Infectious Enteritis Crohn's Dz |
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Intusseusceptions
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Sm Bowel pulled inside itself
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Meckel's Diverticulum
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Congenital Divericulum sm intestine
rule of 2: 2 mucosa, 2 ft from Ileocecal valve, 2" , 2X males Inflammaion, Ulcer, Herniation, Intussusception |
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Infectious Enteritis
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Viral: children
Salmonella Giardia |
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Chrohn's Dz
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Granulmatous Enteritis
skips regions Fistula Formation Euro Jews |
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Colon Dz
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Hirschprung's Dz
Ulcerative Colotis Diverticulosis Diverticulitis Colonic Polyps Colon Cancr Appendicitis Hernia |
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Hirschprung's Dz
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Colon Dz
normal looking, no ganglia no peristalsis |
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Rectum working back
crypt abscesses Autoimmune Psuedopolyps Toxic Megacolon |
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Colon Diverticulosis
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no fiber
hard push --> balloons |
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Colon Diverticulitis
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balloons fill w/Poop
infected --> Scarring -> necrosis |
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Colon Polyps
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Hyperplastic
Adenoma Polyp Pedunculated Tubular |
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Adenoma Polyp
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APC gene mutation
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Pedunculated Tubular
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Polyp
growth, benign second hit --> carcinoma |
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Familial Polyposis
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inherited defect in mucosa - apc gene
millions of adenomatous polyps |
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Colon Cancer
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mostly rectum, Cecum (2nd most)
Adenocarcinoma Right side: anemia Left: Bowel Changes |
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Appendicitis
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Fecolith: poop plugs appendix
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Inguinal Hernia
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testes descended from inguinal canal
loop of bowel gets trapped |
