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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Anisometropia
difference in refractive power
antimetropia
one eye is hyperopic

other myopic
Vergence
lines of sight move in opposite directions
Obique EOM tertiary action
Abduction
vertical recti Tertiary Action
Adduction
Oblique Tertiary action
Abduction
Inferior Rectus
1- Depression

2- Extortion

3- Adduction
Superior Rectus
1- elevation

2- Intortion

3- Adduction
Inferior Oblique
1- Extortion

2- Elevation

3- Abduction
Hering’s Law
equal innervation
Red Lens Test
comitant vs incomitant deviations

- start w/red OD, then OS
- do versions
- 2 lights? separation change

Uses concept of crossed and uncrossed diplopia
Comitant EOM deviation
deviation is constant in all fields of gaze
Incomitant EOM deviation
deviation is different in different fields of gaze
Parks 2 step and 3 step tests
Confirmation test

- detect which EOM is defective
Superior EOMs
Intorters
Inferior EOMs
Extorters
oblique EOMs
Primary: torsion

Secondary: abduction
Superior rectus
1. elevation
2. intorsion
3. adduction;

maximum vertical action ~23
Inferior rectus
1. depression,
2. extorsion,
3. adduction;

maximum vertical action ~23
Superior oblique
1. intorsion,
2. abduction,
3. depression;

maximum vertical ~51
Inferior oblique
1. extorsion,
2. abduction,
3. elevation;

maximum vertical action ~51
Parks 2 step
1. eso (LR) or exo (MR)

2. greater deviation gaze

exo - Right --> paretic LMR

ESO - Right -->paretic RLR
Parks 3-step - steps
1. Hyper eye

2. greater deviation (R/L) gaze

3. greater deviation tilt
Hirschberg test: basics
corneal reflex to estimate eye alignment

Confirm test for CT w/ strabismus or EOM defects
Hirschberg test: using it
strabismus ≈ 22∆ per mm of deviation

Nasal deviation --> Exo
angle Kappa
angle btw pupillary axis & LOS

In most eyes --> Kappa causes reflex 1/2mm nasally

kappa is + if reflex is nasal to pupil center
angle Kappa is Negative
Light reflex temporal to pupil center
Duction
- rotation of one eye under monocular conditions
Krimsky test
same as Hirschberg, then binocular prism neutralize

vertical 1st, over the fixating eye

not as good as CT
Version
lines of sight move in the same direction
saccades
very fast, up to 700°/sec

changing fixation btw objects
Asthenopia
eye strain
Smooth pursuit
Maintain fixation

Speed slow and smooth, up to ~60°/sec
most common cause of amblyopia
Anisometropic amblyopia and strabismic amblyopia
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
maintain eye position w/ changes in head & body position