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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypertrophy
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-incr cell size
-result from incr cell demand -e.g. working out; cardiac muscle d/t hypertension; kidney removal; prostate; liver txplant |
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atrophy
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-decr cell size
-d/t decr in cell demand or ischemia -e.g. stroke, neuropathy, disuse, malnutrition |
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hyperplasia
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-incr cell number
-result from incr cell demand -e.g. mammary gland, uterus d/r pregnancy; cancer; calluses |
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metaplasia
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-change in cell type
-reversible |
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dysplasia
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-disordered cell growth
-usu. seen in cancers (esp URT; cervix) |
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characteristics of apoptosis
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-programmed
-tidy, neat, no inflammatn -activated by caspases; high levels of p53; or withdrawal of "survival" signals in extracellular matrix -e.g. embryo- getting rid of webbed feet; neutrophil, macrophage breakdown |
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ischemia
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interruption of blood flow
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hypoxia
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lack of oxygen, usu. d/t hypoxia
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types of injuries to which cells are susceptible
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1. physical
2. chemical 3. radiation 4. nutritional injury 5. biological agents |
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changes d/t aging vs. disease
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aging:
-decr proliferative capacity of stem cells -decr functional reserve & ability to adapt to environmental demands |
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4 main tissue types & characteristics
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1. epithelial (highest degree change d/t stress b/c high turnover incr develpmnt cancers)
2. connective (highest degree of differentiation e.g. blood, tendon, ligaments) 3.nervous (post-mitotic, can't regenerate, excitable) 4. muscle (post-mitotic, dsn't heal well) |
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causes of hydropic swelling
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-malfunction of Na/K pump causes increase of water
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list some intracellular accumulations that may result from cellular damage
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-fats (e.g. in liver d/t high alcohol consumption), water, glycogen (diabetes), proteins
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differentiate types of necrosis
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-coagulative (clot, protein gets denatured, kidneys, adrenal glands)
-liquefactive: usu. in brain b/c dsn't have a lot of support, lots degradative enzymes -caseous: cheese-like, lung tiss. d/t TB, glandular tiss. w/ spprting tiss. -fat: pancreatitis or trauma --> digestive enzymes from pancreas or tiss. attacks adipose tiss. |
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describe wet, gas, dry gangrene
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--> cell death involving large area of tissue
wet -occurs when tiss. still moist, usu. bacterial infectns dry -coagulative necrosis, cell shrinks, d/t decr blood flow (e.g. diabetes) gas -CO caused by clostridium makes tissues spongy |
