abnormal psychology

interaction in which biological, psychological and sociocultural factors play a role in the development of the individual

people are born with a diathesis (predisposition) that places them at risk for developing a psychological disorder but stress needs to set it off

drilling holes into the skull

abnormal behavior caused by posession

emergence of scientific model

believed in imbalances in black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood caused disorders

studied anatomy and believed in hippocrate's imbalances

re-emergence of spiritual explainations, development of asylums, witch hunts

reform movement

set standards of care, minimal use of restraints, respect and dignity

influenced by pussin, began process of reform

believed in humanitarianism, known as moral treatment

published first psychiatric textbook, rekindled scientific approach, spoke out for changes

proposed legislature that and demanded state-funded public hospitals

focused on the role of the brain rather than spirit possession, wrote on pathology and treatment

improved the diagnosis of psychological disorders

abnormal behavior is explained through the unconscious workings of the mind

view that abnormal behaviors result from physical problems

introduced the term hypnotism, mesmerized (heightened state of suggestibility)

used hypnotic techniques, believed in magnitism

used hypnotic sleep as a substitute for drugs, treated nervous and psychological disorders

used hypnosis to treat nervous and psychological disorders

believed that hypnotizability was a symptom and hypnosis was creating a physical change in the nervous system

a disorder in which psychological problems become expressed in physical form

54% of adults with one psychological disorder have another psychological disorder

is the frequency of new cases within a given time period

number of people who have ever had the disorder at a given time or over a specified period

researchers look at children whose biological parents have diagnosed psychological disorders but whose adoptive parents do not

researchers look at children who are adopted by parents with psychological disorders but whose biological parents don't

study of measurable characteristics whose family patterns parallel the pattern of a disorder's inheritance

mapping the entire sequence of genes to study diseases thought to be genetic

requires equal insurance coverage for physical and mental illnesses

32% lifetime prevalence

a clinically signigicant behavioral or psychological syndrom or patter that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or diability with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or an important loss of freedom

assumes that disorders are diseases

descriptive and classifying rather than explanatory

classified into relevant areas of functioning

major clinical disorders or clinical syndroms

personality disorders and mental retardation

general medical conditions

psychosocial and environmental stressors

global assessment of functioning

ruling out all other diagnosis

an analysis of the client's development and the factors that might have influenced his or her current psychological status

formulation that takes into account the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin, the culture's beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which certain events are interpreted within the culture and the cultural suppors available to the client

believing that the environment is a major component of the treatment, need a new setting and a team of pofessionals

clinicians should base thier treatments on state-of-the-art treatment while taking into account particular features of the client

anxiety disorders interview schedule

structured clinical interview for DSM axis I disorders

structured clinical interview for DSM axis II disorders

composite international diagnostic interview

International personality disorder examination

schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia

consistency of test scores

extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure

IQ test measuring based on age and mental age

divided into verbal and performance

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, self report particular thought, feelings and behaviors

measures personality through self report on five dimensions/traits

technique in which the test-taker is presented with an ambiguous item or task and is asked to repsond by providing meaning

measurement techniques based on a recording of the individuals behavior

individual rates key dimensions hypothesized to influence behavior

galvanic skin response, sensitive indicator of emotional responses based on electrical changes in the skin

electroencephalogram, measures electrical activity in the brain, indicating level of arousal

xrays of various angles of the body, provides cross sections of the brain

xray constructs picture of the brain using water content

positron emission tomography, injection of radioactive material to show blood flood, oxygen and level of brain chemicals

recording of the heart through skin response

records activity of the skeletal muscles

gathering information about a client's brain functioning on the basis of psychological tests

interaction of the three personality structures below observable behavior

aggressive instincts, follows pleasure principle, immediate gratificatoin

id's loosely associated, idiosyncratic and distrorted cognitive representation of the world, instincts are represented by images

gives judgement, memory, perception and decision making

a motivational force that leads the individual to confront the constraints of the external world

logical and rational problem solving of the ego

the energy of the id that pressures for gratification

logical and rational problem solving of the ego

the energy of the id that pressures for gratification

controls the ego's pursuit of the id's desires

controls the ego's pursuit of the id's desires

(0-18 mo) stimulation through mouth and lips

(18mo- 3yrs) stimulation of the anal in expulsion and retention

(0-18 mo) stimulation through mouth and lips

(18mo- 3yrs) stimulation of the anal in expulsion and retention

(3-5yrs) genital area is focus of sexual feelings, want to have sex with opposite sex parent, kill same sex

(3-5yrs) genital area is focus of sexual feelings, want to have sex with opposite sex parent, kill same sex

(5-12yrs) imitates behavior of adults, little psychological interest

(5-12yrs) imitates behavior of adults, little psychological interest

(12-adult) resurfacing of sexual energy

(12-adult) resurfacing of sexual energy

believed that archetypes (common experiences) lie at the center of the unconscious, ex. hero, evil

believed that archetypes (common experiences) lie at the center of the unconscious, ex. hero, evil

emphasis on the ego and self-concept, motivated to maintain consistent and favorable view of themselves

emphasis on the ego and self-concept, motivated to maintain consistent and favorable view of themselves

people develop based on 8 crisis which are handled either healthy or not

belief that human motivation is based on an inherent tendency to strive for self-fulfillment and meaning in life

person-centered theory, focuses on uniqueness of each individual and achieving max potential

roger's approach that everyone is innately good

must fulfill bare physical needs, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem then self-actualization

unconditional positive regard, reflection and clarification, motivational interviewing

abnormality is caused by disturbances in the patterns of interactions and relationships that exist within the family

parent's experiences affect their children, parents with dysfunctions pass them on

in normal families everyone has a distinct role and problems arise when people become too close or too distant

resolution of family problems, particularly power relationships in family

dysfunction comes from interference with personal growth

people will preform better when they think they can do well

how people develop psychological disorders through their relationships with others

the factors that influence the way people perceive themselves and others

replacing an undesired response with an accepted response

client is taught to express justified anger rather than be anxious or intimidated

behavioral therapy, rewarding good behavior, not rewarding bad

clinician helps the client alter the way he views the world, himself and the future

cognitive restructuring, exposure to bodily cues and breathing retaining

accept the full range of their subjective experiences as they commit themselves to tasks aimed at achieving behavior change that will lead to an imporved quality of life, accept rather than avoid

match a specific intervention to each client and presenting problem

formulating a psychotherapeutic approach that brings divergent models together on a consistent basis in one's clinical work

the clinician develops a strategy by studying the core ingredients that various therapies share and choosing the components that have been demonstrated over time to be the most effective

an innate, almost biologically based alarm system to a dangerous situation

future-oriented and global, a state in which the individual is inordinately apprehensive, tense and uneasy about the prospect of something happening

with agor. 1.1% without 1.6%

late adolescence

fear that is irrational and disruptive

13%

childhood and adolescence

interrupts life lasts longer than 6 months across different situations

midteens

3-13%

generalized anxiety disorder, at least 6 mo. worry about nothing specific, more common in women

3-5%

early but can onset later

most have poor insight, recognize irrationality

men: 6-25,, women 20-29

2.5%

linked to brain structures, SSRI, CBT

symptoms lasting one month or less, numbing, decreased awareness, depersonalization, derealization, dissociative amniesia, flashback

estimated 14-30%

lasts more than a month, all acute symptoms and a foreshortened future, intrusions and avoidance

8%

nerve cell, transmits information between body and brain

points of communication between neurons

complete set of instructions for building cells

physical expression of the genes

functional unit of dna carrying a specific set of instructions