Absite Killer- basic science Flash Cards

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Title: Absite Killer- basic science
Description: First half of absite killer
Number of Cards: 317
Save Count: 0
Author: olive83
Created: 2011-12-18
Tags: ABSITE
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • What does null hypothesis mean
    • no difference exists
    • How do you define type I error?
    • incorrectly rejects the null hypothesis
    • what is type II error?
    • incorrectly accepts the null hypothesis
    • What is type III error?
    • conclusions are not supported by data
    • How is a prospective cohort study arranged?
    • non-random assignment to treatment group
    • What is a meta-analysis?
    • review and combining of statistics from data of different studies
    • What is an ANOVA t-test for?
    • more than 2 samples of quantitative data
    • What are non-parametric statistics for?
    • Qualitative data analysis
    • What are nominal qualitative variables?
    • named variables, such as color
    • What are ordinal qualitative variables?
    • Arranged on a scale, such as pain from 1-10
    • What is prevalence?
    • Number of people having a disease in a population studied; prevelance is higher in long-lasting non-fatal diseases
    • What is incidence?
    • The number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease in a population over time, usually yearly.
    • What is sensitivity?
    • the ability to detect disease
    • What is the equation for sensitivity? (+result and true +)
    • positive test results / true positives
    • What is specificity?
    • Ability to state that no disease is present
    • Equation for specificity
    • negative test results / (true negatives + false positives)
    • What cell is the source of fever in atalectasis?
    • Alveolar macrophages
    • What are the cellular characteristics of mitochondria?
    • 2 membranes with an inner matrix
    • What cycle takes place in the inner matrix of mitochondria?
    • TCA cycle
    • How do the rough endoplasmic reticulum and outer membrane of nucleus relate?
    • they are continuous
    • Where are ribosomes made?
    • Nucleolus, which has no membrane
    • What proteins are made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
    • proteins for export
    • What proteins are made in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    • cytoplasmic proteins
    • What are the contents and proportions of the plasma membrane?
    • 60%protein, 40% lipid.
    • higher cholesterol in membrane equals ______ of proteins
    • higher mobility
    • Symptoms/ exam findings of malignant hyperthermia
    • fever, tachycardia, rigidity, acidosis
    • cause of malignant hyperthermia
    • calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • First sign of malignant hyperthermia?
    • increased end-tidal CO2
    • What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia?
    • Stop operation and anesthetics, give dantrolene and supportive care
    • T/F: Malignant hyperthermia usually occurs at a patient's first exposure to anesthesia.
    • False, usually not first exposure
    • What are the first and last muscles to recover from paralytics?
    • First: Diaphragm. Last: neck and face.
    • What type of tissues don't have lymphatics?
    • Muscle, bone, tendon, brain
    • How are the cells of lymphatics joined?
    • Loosely in a cell to cell junction. No basement membrane.
    • What is the rate limiting step in cholesterol formation?
    • HMG co-A reductase, steroid precursor found in the liver
    • What part of the target cell do steroid hormones go to?
    • They are bound in the cytoplasm before going to the nucleus.
    • What are the initial and final products of the Krebs cycle?
    • one glucose makes 38 ATP
    • What are the initial and final products of anaerobic glycolysis?
    • one glucose makes 2 ATP and a lactate
    • What drugs increase Cytochrome p450 activity?
    • anticonvulsants, coumadin, theophylline
    • What drugs decrease Cytochrome p450 activity?
    • cimetidine, INH, MAOIs, disulfiram
    • What makes renin?
    • Macula Densa
    • What does the macula densa sense?
    • low Sodium and chloride levels
    • Action of renin
    • converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
    • What converts Angiotensin I to II? Where?
    • Angiotensin converting enzyme, in the lung
    • What is the action of angiotensin II?
    • vasoconstrictor, increases aldosterone
    • Electrolyte changes with aldosterone
    • retaining sodium; losing potassium and hydrogen in the urine
    • What changes occur with renal osteodystrophy?
    • The kidney loses calcium and retains phosphorus, causing decreased Vit D hydroxylation
    • What is renal osteodystrophy
    • secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • Hepatic branch comes off which part of the vagus?
    • left (anterior)
    • What branch does the right vagus give off?
    • Celiac branch and criminal nerve of Degrassi
    • Why is it the "criminal" nerve of Degrassi?
    • Can lead to high post-vagotomy acid levels if undivided
    • Which pathway is measured by ptt?
    • intrinsic pathway
    • What triggers the intrinsic pathway?
    • exposed collagen
    • Which pathway triggers factor X?
    • both intrinsic and extrinsic
    • How does factor X lead to clot formation?
    • X activates thrombin to produce fibrin
    • Which pathway is measured by PT?
    • extrinsic pathway
    • What triggers the extrinsic pathway?
    • tissue factor
    • ____ crosslinks ____ to form "plug"
    • Factor XIII; fibrin
    • What is the best single test to evaluate synthetic function of the liver
    • PT
    • Banked blood is high or low in 2,3 DPG? increases or decreases O2 affinity?
    • low; decreases O2 affinity (left shift)
    • Which blood product contains fibrinogen and VWF-III?
    • Cryoprecipitate
    • In what bleeding disorders is cryoprecipitate used in?
    • von willebrand's disease, hemophilia A, DIC if fibrinogen is low
    • Which factors are inhibited by coumadin?
    • Vit K: 2, 7, 9, 10, protein C and S
    • What is the action of protein C? and S?
    • C degrades active Factor V and VIII, S helps.
    • Factors V and VIII are at ____ levels in stored blood
    • low- these factors are labile
    • What is the only factor not made by the liver?
    • Factor VIII
    • What are the coagulation test findings in Von Willebrands?
    • long PTT, long bleeding time, positive ristocetin test
    • What is the difference between Type I and III Von Willebrand disease and Type II?
    • I and III: low levels of von willebrand's factor, whereas II has qualitatively poor vwf.
    • What product is useful in von Willebrands Type I and III and why?
    • DDAVP- causes von willebrand factor release
    • DDAVP is useful in what bleeding dyscrasias?
    • TYpe I and III VW disease, uremic platelet disfunction, pts on aspirin
    • What bleeding dyscrasias are autosomal dominant?
    • von Willebrand's, Rosenthal's XI deficiency
    • What is the one inherited coagulopathy with a long bleeding time?
    • Von Willebrand's
    • What is Glanzmann's thrombasthenia?
    • IIb/IIIa receptor deficiency in platelets, with decreasing platelet aggregation
    • What is Bernard Soulier disease?
    • Ib receptor deficiency in platelets, decreased adherence to exposed collagen
    • PT/PTT results in Factor VII deficiency
    • long PT, normal PTT
    • What is hemophilia A?
    • sex-linked recessive factor VIII deficiency