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What factors are important prior to conception?
Healthy weight before conception; blood pressure should be managed; avoid smoking, alcohol, drug use, and limit caffeine.
Nutritional Intake for Men - prior to conception
Zinc and folic acid for sperm; diet rich in anti-oxidants; Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and carotenoids protect sperm against free radicals.
Nutritional Intake for Women - prior to conception
Healthy weight = uncomplicated pregnancy; obese greater risk for hypertension and gestational diabetes; obesity in mom=obesity in child.
Underweight Women
Increased risk of low weight baby.
Low birth weight babies
have a greater risk of death within first years; health problems after birth.
Nutrition for Intake for Women - prior and during conception.
Folic acid to prevent neural tube defects; 400 mcg folic acid via supplements or via fortified foods (enriched cereal).
Things to Limit/Avoid during pregnancy:
Caffeine (<150 mg a day); Caffeine over 300 mg a day increases risk of miscarriage; Smoking; Herbs and botanicals are risky.
First Trimester
Morning sickness (cause unknown); Vitamin B6 or Ginger may help. Pica (or eating non food substances) is dangerous.
Adequate Pregnancy Weight Gain
Average 27.5 pounds gained (baby will weigh about 7 pounds); not greater amount of calories but increased micronutrients.
Second Trimester
Appetite increases; nausea and fatigue resolve; calories needs increase 340 calories a day; the goal is to gain 1 pound a week.
Third Trimester
Calorie needs increase 450 calories a day.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes 7%; resolves after childbirth; risk of type 2 diabetes for woman and baby later in life; increased risk of obesity later in life.
Hypertension
8% of pregnancies; healthy weight and exercise may prevent; may develop into pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Breast Feed: Lactation
>200 compounds benefit babies.
Colostrum
Fluid after birth; rich in Vitamin A, protein, minerals, antibodies.
Breast Milk
Rich in lactose, fat, B Vitamins; lower in protein (does not stress kidneys).
How does breast milk benefit the immune system?
Decreases risk/severity of diarrhea, respiratory infections, ear infections; provides anti-oxidants, hormones, enzymes.
If breast fed 6 months=
reduced risk of obesity.
Breast Feeding
has two unsaturated fatty acids present (DHA and Arachidonic Acid); promote development of brain and central nervous system.
Breast feeding moms should
Increase fluid to 13 cups per day; need 500 calories per day more.