America: A Concise History 3rd Edition "Radical Whigs - Subtreasury System"

Eighteenth-century faction in the British Parliament that protested against corruption in government, the growing cost of the British empire, and the rise of a wealthy class of government-related financiers

The centuries-long campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a long effort to recover their lands, the Spanish defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain

Tactics used to identify, accuse, or raise suspicion of Communist sympathies in the 1930s critics of the New Deal charged the Federal Theater Project with being under the influence of Communists, leading to its termination in 1939. These tactics were also widely evident in the "Red Scares" following World Wars I and II

A great revival of classical learning that began in Italy around 1400 and spread after 1500 to northern Europe. Drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Rome and patronized by wealthy merchants and churchmen, European artists and writers created brillian works of painting, architecture, and literature. Their work shaped European culture well into the nineteenth century

The idea that the main political role of American women would be to snstill the values of patriotic duty and republican virture in their children and mold them into exemplary citizens

A political ideology that repudiates rule by kings and princes and celebrates a representative system of government and a virtuous, public-spirited citizenry. Historically, most republics have limited active political participation to those with a significant amount of property. After 1800, the United States became a democratic republic, with widespread participation by white adult men of all social classes

Limiting clauses in real estate transactions intended to prevent the sale or rental of properties to classes of the population considered "undesirable" such as African Americans, Jews, or Asians. Such clauses were declared unenforceable by the Supreme Court decision in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), but continued to be instituted informally in spite of the ruling.

An intense outburst of religious enthusiasm, often prompted by the preaching of a charismatic Baptist or Methodist minister. Revivalism swept across the United States in waves between the 1790s and 1850s and imparted a deep religiosity to American culture. Subsequent revivals in the 1880s and 1890s and in the late twentieth century helped to maintain a strong Protestant evangelical culture

Tiny electoral districts for Parliament whose voters were controlled by wealthy aristocrats or merchants. In the 1760s Radical Whig John Wilkes called for their elimination to make Parliament more representative of the property-owning classes

Concept advanced by the landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing urging the benefits of rural life, it was especially influential among middle-class Americans making their livings in cities but attracted to the suburbs

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (1714-1727) and George II (1727-1760). Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self-government

Southern whites who joinded the Republicans during Reconstruction and were ridiculed by ex-confederates as worthless traitors. They included ex-Whigs and yeomen farmers who had not supported the Confederacy and who believed that an alliance with the Republicans was the best way to attract northern capital and rebuild the South

A system of organizing wor, developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late nineteenth century, designed to get the maximum output from the individual worker and reduce the cost of production, using methods such as the time-and-motion study to determine how factory work should be organized. The system was never applied in its totality in any industry, but it contributed to the rise of the "efficiency expert" and the field of industrial psycology

The policy of racial separation primarily associated with the southern states, which first began passing segregation laws aimed at African Americans in the 1880s. Also known as Jim Crow laws, these statutes required segregation in every type of public facility. These laws were not overturned until after the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s

The nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits

European cultural movement that emphasized feelings, emotion, and a physical appreciation of God, nature, and other people. Sentimentalsim came to the United States in the early nineteenth century and accounted, in part, for marriages being based on love rather than on financial considerations

Term used by historians to describe the nineteenth-century view that men and women had different gender-defined characteristics and that, consequently, the sexes inhabited-and should inhabit-different social worlds, with men in the public sphere of politics and economics and women in the privat sphere of home and family. In mid-nineteenth-century America this cultural understanding was sharply defined and hotly contested

The labor system by which freedmen agreed to exchange a portion of their harvested crops with the landowner for use of the land, a house, and tools. A compromise between freedmen and white landowners, this system developed in the cash-strapped South because the freedmen wanted to work their own land but lacked the money to buy it, while the white landowners needed agricultural laborers but did not have money to pay wages

The application of Charles Darwin's biological theory of evolution by natural selection to the development of society, this late-nineteenth-century principle encouraged the notion that societies progress as a result of competition and the "survival of the fittest." Intervention by the state in this process was counterproductive because it impeded healthy progress. Social Darwinists justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteenth-century, industrial American society as natural

The members of the (usually) well-disciplined mobs that, after 1763, protested against the new British measures of taxation and control. Most were minor merchants and middling artisans

An attorney, not employed by the government, who is appointed by Congress or the Justice Department to investigate a federal official suspected of misconduct. Archibald Cox was this in the Watergate scandal. The appointment is similar to that of independent counsel, the position held by Kenneth Starr, who investigated scandals connected to President Clinton's impeachment

The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters following an electoral victory. Underlying this practice was the view that in a democracy rotation in office was preferable to a permanent class of officeholders. In 1829 Andrew Jackson began this practice on the national level and it became a central, and corrupting, feature of American political life

An economic condition that results when inflation and unemployment rise at the same time. This condition does not respond to traditional governmental remedies, such as deficit spending and tax reduction

An interpretation of the Constitution that exalts the sovereignty of the states and circumscribes the authority of the national government. Expressed first by the Antifederalists and then in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, the philosophy of states' rights became the basis for Southern resistance to the high tariffs of the 1820s and 1830s, legislation to limit the spread of slavery, and attempts by the national government in the mid-twentieth century to end "Jim Crow" practices

A scheme deriving from the Texas Exchange, a cooperative in the 1880s, through which cotton farmers received cheap loans and marketed their crops. When the Texas Exchange failed in 1891, Populists proposed that the feeral government take over these functions on a national basis through this system, which would have the added benefit of increasing the stock of money in the country and thus push up prices