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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are joints?
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articulations or meeting points between two bones
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what are the two ways that joints can be classified?
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they can be classified by structure or by function
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What determines the classification of joints by structure?
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binding materials
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What determines the classification of joints by function?
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amount of movement
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what are the three types of joints by structure?
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fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
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what are the three types of joints by function/movement?
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synarthrodial
amphiarthrodial diarthrodial |
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What determines the amount of movement at a fibrous joint?
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the length of the fibres
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Does a fibrous joint have a joint cavity?
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no
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what are the three types of fibrous joints and give examples
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sutures - the skull
syndesmosis - the membrane b/w the radius and ulna gomphosis - peg in socket - tooth in bone |
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what are the two characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
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no joint cavity and the joint is united by cartilage
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what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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symphases and synchondroses
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what is the main function of synchondroses type joints?
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They allow for bone growth during childhood
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where are synchondroses located?
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in the epiphysial plate of long bones
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what type of cartilage is found in synchondroses?
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hyaline
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what is the function of symphyses?
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they absorb shock
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what type of cartilage is found in symphyses?
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hyaline
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synovial joints have 6 major characteristics, name them.
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fibrous joint capsule
synovial membrane synovial fluid joint cavity articular cartilage ligaments |
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what type of joint is a synovial joint if classified by function?
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diarthodial
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In a synovial joint, what helps to maintain stability?
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reinforcing ligaments
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what are the two types of reinforcing ligaments?
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Intrinsic and extrinsic
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what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments?
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intrinsic is actually part of the joint capsule, while an extrinsic ligament is not part of the joint capsule.
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What is another name for intrinsic ligaments?
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capsular
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Extrinsic ligaments can further be classified as what, based on their location?
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extracapsular or intracapsular
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what are the four additional features of the synovial joints (what else do they contain)?
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fatty pads, menisci, bursae, and tendon sheaths
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what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
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Planes
hinge pivot condyloid ball and socket saddle |
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At what type of surface would you find a plane joint?
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A flat surface
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what type of movements do plane joints do?
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gliding, non-axial movement
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what type of movements do a hinge joint make? Axial?
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flexion/extension ; uni-axial
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describe a hinge joint
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convex projection of one bone meets concave depression of another
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describe a pivot joint
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rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or groove of another
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What type of movement do pivot joints do?
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rotation only
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give two examples of pivot joint
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proximal radioulnar joint
atlanto-axial joint |
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describe a condyloid joint
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oval convex surface fits into an oval concave surface
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what type of movement does a condyloid joint do?
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all angular movements ; bi-axial
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describe a saddle joint
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similar to condyloid - oval convex surface fits into an oval concave surface
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what is the difference between a saddle joint and a conyloid joint?
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The range of motion
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what kind of movement does a saddle joint do?
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flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and opposition
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describe a ball and socket joint
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round head meets with concave socket
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what kind of movement does a ball and socket joint do?
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All movements ; multi-axial
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what are the three types of muscle?
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smooth, skeletal and cardiac
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what are four functions of skeletal muscle?
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gross and fine movements
maintain posture stabilize joints generate heat |
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what are three functions of smooth muscle?
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supply nutrients
blood circulation GI motility |
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where do you find smooth muscle?
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inside blood vessels and the GI tract
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what are the four fascicle arrangements of skeletal muscle?
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circular
convergent parallel (aka fusiform) pennate |
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describe a circular fasicle arrangement
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concentric rings
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describe a convergent fasicle arrangement
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broad origin, single tendon (fan shaped)
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what type of fascile arrangement is strap like or spindle shaped with an expanded belly?
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parallel / fusiform
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what type of fascicle arrangement attaches obliquely to a central tendon and would be described as feather-like?
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pennate
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which types of muscle cells are long, cylindrical and voluntary with obvious striations and multi nucleated cells?
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skeletal
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which type of muscle is spindle shaped, involuntary, uni-nucleated or bi-nucleated with striations?
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cardiac
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which type of muscle is short, branched and involuntary, uninucleated with no striations?
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smooth
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what are the four functional characteristics of muscle?
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excitability
contractility extensibility elasticity |
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what is the word for the ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli?
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excitability
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what is contractility?
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the ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated
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what is the ability of a muscle to be stretched beyond the normal resting length?
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extensibility
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what is elasticity?
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the ability of a muscle to resume normal resting length after being stretched
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what are the four types of actions (roles) of skeletal muscle?
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agonist
antagonist synergist fixator |
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which of the muscles functional roles is described as the 'prime mover'?
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the agonist
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what do synergists do?
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they work with agonists to promote the same movement or to reduce unnecessary movement
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what is the name for a type of synergist that immobilizes a bone or two muscles' origins to stabilize the area for movement?
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fixator
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what type of joint are the Intervertebral disc joints?
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cartilaginous symphysis joints
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what kind of cartilage is found on the articular surfaces of IVD joints?
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hyaline
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what form the strongest attachments between vertebrae?
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Intervertebral discs
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where would you find the thickest intervertebral discs?
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in the cervical and lumbar regions
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why are the IVDs thicker at the cervical and lumbar regions?
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these areas need the greatest cushioning - they are the greatest weight bearing regions
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The IVD has two components, what are they?
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annulus fibrosis and the nucleus pulposus
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describe the annulus fibrosis
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concentric layers of fibrocartilage
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describe the nucleus pulposus
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semi gelatinous, highly elastic, high water content
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the nucleus pulposus is avascular. What does that mean?
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It has no nutrient supply channels.
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How does the nucleus pulposus get nutrients?
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via diffusion from the annulus fibrosis
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what is another name for zygapophyseal joints?
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facet joints (of the spine only)
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what are the movements at the cervical facet joints?
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flexion, extension ; lateral flexion; rotation
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what are the movements at the thoracic facet joints?
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rotation and limited flexion and extension and lateral bending
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what are the movements at the lumbar facet joints?
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flexion, extension, with limited rotation and lateral bending
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which three ligaments prevent hyperflexion of the spine?
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posterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous ligament interspinous ligament |
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which ligament prevents hyperextension of the spine?
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anterior longitudinal ligament
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what does the intertransverse ligament (of the spine) do?
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prevents excessive rotation of the spine
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describe the ligament nuchae of the spine
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is is a thickening of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in the cervical spine
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what does the ligamentum flavum do?
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it joins the lamina of adjacent vertebrae and forms the posterior part of the vertebral canal.
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which spinal ligament forms part of the posterior vertebral canal?
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the ligamentum flavum
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What are the two membranes in the cervical spine called?
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the atlanto-occipital membrane and the atlanto-axial membrane
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Describe the placement/direction/attachments of the atlanto-occipital membrane
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runs from the anterior and posterior arches of C1 to the anterior and posterior margins of the foramen magnum
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What membrane runs from the inferior surface of the anterior and posterior arches of C1 and the anterior and posterior laminae of C2?
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The atlanto-axial membrane
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what is the function of the atlanto-occipital membrane and the atlanto-axial membrane?
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they support and stabilize the joints between the occiput and C1 (the atlanto-occipital joint) and C1 and C2 (the atlanto-axial joint)
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What are the three ligaments connecting axis to the occiput?
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the apical ligament
alar ligaments cruciate ligaments |
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What is the name of the ligament that creates the odontoid foramen?
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the transverse ligament
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the transverse (cervical) ligament is part of which ligament group?
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The cruciform ligaments
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where do the superior and inferior cruciate ligaments (cervical) originate from?
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The transverse ligament
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where does the (cervical) superior cruciate ligament attach?
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at the occiput
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where does the inferior (cervical) cruciate ligament attach?
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to the body of axis
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where does the (cervical) transverse ligament attach?
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to the medial tubercles of the lateral masses of atlas
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Name the three foramen of atlas.
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transverse foramen
vertebral foramen foramen for dens. |
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what are the four main functions of connective tissues?
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support structures
protect structures compartmentalize form layers |
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what are the three gross layers of the skin and underlying connective tissue? Name them in order from superficial to deep.
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epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
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what are the three types of muscle tissue wrappings?
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superficial / epimysium
intermediate / perimysium deep / endomysium |
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what muscle tissue wrapping covers the muscle belly?
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the superficial / epimysium
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what muscle tissue wrapping wraps around the muscle fascicles?
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the intermediate / perimysium
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what muscle tissue wrapping wraps around individual muscle cells?
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deep / endomysium
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connective tissue wrappings extend the length of a muscle and end with what formation?
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tendons
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what does the tendon attach to?
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the periosteum of the bone
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the tendon attaches to the periosteum and the periosteum is continuous with what structure (besides the bone)?
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ligaments
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what structure attaches bone to bone?
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ligaments
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what structure attaches muscle to bone?
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tendons
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what are the generalized medial attachment sites for back muscles?
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nuchal ligament
spinous processes supraspinous ligaments sacrum |
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what structure attaches bone to bone?
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ligaments
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what structure attaches muscle to bone?
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tendons
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what are the generalized lateral attachment sites for back muscles?
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transverse processes of cervical spine and lumbar spine, angles of the ribs
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what structure wraps muscles in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine?
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the thoracolumbar fascia
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what two (general) things do the muscles of the back do?
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maintain posture and mediate movement of the spine
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what is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the back?
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movement of the shoulder girdle and ribs
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what is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
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posture and movement of the spine
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what are the four extrinsic superficial muscles of the shoulder/back?
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trapezius, latissiums dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid (major and minor)
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what are the two extrinsic intermediate muscles of the back/shoulder?
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serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior |
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what are the two intrinsic superficial muscles of the back/shoulder?
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splenius capitis
splenius cervicis |
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what are the three muscles making up the erector spinae? Name them from medial to lateral
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spinalis
longissimus iliocostalis |
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what are the two intrinsic deep muscles of the back/shoulder?
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transverospinal group (semispinalis, multifidi, rotatores)
levator costorum |
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what are the three muscles of the transverospinal muscle group?
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semispinalis, multifidi and rotatores
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describe the general shape of the trapezius
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three parts, large, diamond shape
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describe the general shape of the latissimus dorsi and what is the fiber direction?
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large, fan shape
superolateral |
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describe the general shape of the levator scapula(e) and what is the fiber direction?
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they are a pair, and they are strap like
inferior fiber direction |
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describe the general shape of the rhomboids and what is the fiber direction?
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broad bands
inferolateral |
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describe the general shape of the serratus posterior superior and what is the fibre direction?
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small, thin, flat
inferolateral |
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describe the general shape of the serratus posterior inferior and what is the fibre direction?
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small, thin, flat
superolateral |
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describe the general shape of the splenius capitas and cervicis and what is the fibre direction?
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thin, strap like
superolateral |
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describe the general shape of the erector spinae and what is the fibre direction?
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long, strong bands
vertical |
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describe the general shape of the trasverospinal muscle group and what is the fibre direction?
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short muscles
superomedial |
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how many levator costorum muscles are there?
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12 (pairs)
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where do the levator costorum muscles attach?
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to the transverse processes and the ribs
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what muscle is the most superficial back muscle?
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trapezius
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what back muscle is deep to trapezius?
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latissimus dorsi
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what shoulder/upper back muscle is deep to trapezius?
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levator scapula
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which small, thin and flat muscle can be found deep to the rhomboids?
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serratus posterior superior
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what is the shape of sternocleidomastoid?
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broad band
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what is the action of SCM?
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uni: contralateral rotation of c/s, ipselateral sidebending of c/s
bi: flexion of c/s |
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which scalene muscle is not part of the posterior cervical triangle?
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anterior scalene
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what is the relationship of the scalenes to the SCM?
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deep
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which scalenes do lateral flexion of the neck?
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posterior
middle anterior |
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which scalenes do flexion and lateral bending of the c/s?
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anterior
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