- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the largest artery leaving the heart and heading to the body?
|
aorta
|
|
name the three parts of the aorta
|
ascending aorta
aortic arch descending aorta |
|
what structures branch off the ascending aorta and what are their function?
|
right and left coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart |
|
what three structures branch off the aortic arch?
|
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery left subclavian artery |
|
what does the brachocephalic artery split into and where does the split occur
|
common carotid artery
right subclavian artery just posterior to right sternoclavicular joint |
|
what does the carotid artery split into and where?
|
internal carotid arteries
external carotid arteries C4 - level with thyroid cartilage |
|
what does the subclavian artery branch into?
|
vertebral artery
thyrocervical costocervical 1-2 posterior intercostals internal thoracic anterior intercostal |
|
when does the descending aorta become the thoracic aorta?
|
as it descends through the thorax
|
|
when does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta?
|
after it travels through the diaphragm and enters the abdomen and pelvis
|
|
what is the outer layer of arteries/veins called?
|
tunica adventitia
|
|
what is the middle layer of arteries/veins called?
|
tunica media
|
|
what is the inner layer of arteries/veins called?
|
tunica intima
|
|
name the three types of arteries
|
elastic
muscular arterioles |
|
which type of artery is large in diameter and contain mostly elastin in tunica media?
|
elastic
|
|
describe a muscular artery
|
smaller diameter than elastic
contain more smooth muscle than elastin |
|
which type of artery is the smallest in diameter and contain mostly smooth muscle?
|
arterioles
|
|
what type of cells make up the tunica intima?
|
squamous
|
|
describe the composition of the tunica adventitia
|
collagen fibres
protects, anchors |
|
what do venules do?
|
transport blood from tissues to larger veins
|
|
describe the composition of a venule and what is the benefit of this make up?
|
thin tunica intima
thin tunica adventitia allows ease of movement of fluids |
|
describe the composition of veins
|
thicker tunica adventitia
thin tunica media large lumen and valves |
|
what three things aid venous return?
|
skeletal muscle contraction
breathing valves |
|
how thick are capillaries?
|
one cell thick
|
|
what are the three types of capillaries?
|
continuous
fenestrated sinusoidal |
|
how are continuous capillaries joined?
|
tight junctions
|
|
where would you find continuous capillaries?
|
in skin, muscles, brain
|
|
describe a fenestrated capillary
|
large pores covered by a network of proteins
|
|
where would you find fenestrated capillaries?
|
areas requiring absorption or secretion such as the intestines of endocrine glands
|
|
what do fenestrasted capillaries allow?
|
flow of larger organic molecules and high fluid volumes into interstitial space
|
|
what do sinusoidal capillaries allow?
|
passage of proteins and blood cells into the interstitial space
|
|
where would you find sinusoidal capillaries?
|
organs where passage of large particles is necessary such as the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
|
|
what are the two components of the capillary bed?
|
vascular shunt
true capillaries |
|
what does a vascular shunt connect?
|
an arteriole and venuole
|
|
where would you find pre-capillary sphincters?
|
between the shunt channel and capillaries
|
|
what is the purpose of pre-capillary sphincters?
|
they constrict the lumen and help to direct blood by shutting down areas that don't require blood flow
|
|
how much lymph fluid is produced daily?
|
3 - 4 liters
|
|
describe the general course of lymph flow
|
lymph capillaries
collecting vessels trunks ducts |
|
what assists lymphatic return?
|
breathing / pressure changes
skeletal muscle contraction valves tissue movement |
|
what type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
|
deoxygenated
|
|
what type of blood do pulmonary veins carry?
|
oxygenated
|
|
name the two components of the circulatory system
|
cardiovascular
lymphatic |
|
what are the components of the cardiovascular system?
|
systemic
pulmonary coronary |
|
which area of the heart is the largest?
|
the left ventricle
|
|
describe blood flow in the cardiovascular system
|
right atrium
right ventricle pulmonary trunk/arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillary beds venules veins vena cava right atrium |
|
which three structures prevent backflow of blood?
|
papillary muscles
valves chordae tendinae |
|
which structure does the coronary circulation arise from?
|
aorta
|
|
which heart structure is the first to receive blood?
|
myocardium
|
|
the coronary circulation begins at what two arteries?
|
right coronary
left coronary |
|
the right coronary artery splits into?
|
marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery |
|
which areas of the heart are supplied by the right coronary artery?
|
right lateral aspect
right and left ventricles (posterior) |
|
the left coronary artery divides into?
|
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery |
|
describe the path of the anterior interventricular artery
|
travels down to the anterior walls of the ventricles and then anastomoses with the posterior interventricular artery
|
|
describe the pathway of the circumflex artery
|
travels do the posterior aspect of the left atrium and left ventricle. It then anastomoses with the right coronary artery
|
|
what structure drains the area supplied by the left coronary artery?
|
great cardiac vein
|
|
which structures drain the area supplied by the right coronary artery?
|
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein |
|
which structure of the coronary circulation drains directly into the right atrium?
|
coronary sinus
|
|
list the branches of the external carotid arteries
|
superior thyroid
lingual facial occipital maxillary superficial temporal |
|
describe the pathway of the common carotid arteries
|
ascend through the neck in the anterior cervical triangle
|
|
what structures are supplied by the superior thyroid artery?
|
thyroid gland
SCM infrahyoid muscles |
|
what do the lingual arteries supply?
|
the tongue
|
|
describe the pathway of the facial artery
|
travels up along the inferomedial mandible
crosses the mandible just anterior to the insertion of masseter |
|
what does the facial artery supply?
|
skin and muscles of the face
|
|
describe the pathway of the occipital artery
|
travels to the occipital region and over the superior nuchal line between the attachments of SCM and trapezius
|
|
what does the occipital artery supply?
|
skin and muscles of the occipital region
|
|
describe the pathway of the maxillary artery
|
travels behind mandibular condyle
passes anterior to lateral pterygoid to the temporal fossa |
|
what does the maxillary artery supply?
|
muscles of mastication
teeth nasal cavity calvaria |
|
describe the pathway of the superficial temporal artery
|
posterior to parotid gland
up to temporal fossa crosses zygomatic bone just anterior to ear |
|
what does the superficial temporal artery supply?
|
skin of most of the scalp
|
|
list the branches of the internal carotid arteries
|
opthalamic
middle cerebral anterior cerebral |
|
which structure does the opthalamic nerve pass through and what else does it travel with?
|
the optic canal
with CN II (Optic) |
|
what does the opthalamic artery supply?
|
the orbit and its contents (muscles, eyeball, lacrimal gland)
|
|
which arteries supply blood to approximately 80% of the brain?
|
middle and anterior cerebral arteries
|
|
what is supplied by the thyrocervical trunk?
|
thyroid gland
scapular muscles muscles of the posterior triangle |
|
what is supplied by the costocervical trunk?
|
muscles of the first 2 intercostal spaces
deep posterior cervical muscles |
|
describe the pathway of vertebral arteries
|
pass through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
run medially across superior aspect of C1 |
|
what is the relationship of the vertebral arteries to the brain stem?
|
they travel on the anterior aspect of the brain stem
|
|
what do vertebral arteries supply?
|
vertebrae and spinal cord
|
|
what forms the basilar artery?
|
unification of left and right vertebral arteries
|
|
the circle of willis is an anastomosis of what structures?
|
posterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries anterior cerebral arteries |
|
what does the circle of willis ensure?
|
adequate blood supply to the brain if something blocks one of the arteries
|
|
what does the basilar artery supply?
|
most of the occipital region of the brain
|
|
what is supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
|
temporal and parietal regions of the brain
|
|
what is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
|
the frontal region of the brain
|
|
which arteries travel laterally on the first rib posterior to the anterior scalene, between the anterior and middle scalenes?
|
the subclavian arteries
|
|
where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
|
as it passes the lateral edge of the first rib
|
|
how far does the axillary artery go before it changes its name, and what name does it take?
|
travels to the inferior border of teres minor
there it becomes the brachial artery |
|
list the branches of the axillary artery
|
thoracoacromial artery
lateral thoracic artery subscapular artery anterior circumflex humeral posterior circumflex humeral |
|
thoracoacromial artery
|
B: axillary artery
L: deep to pectoralis major S: deltoid and pectoralis muscles |
|
lateral thoracic artery
|
B: axillary artery
L: lateral to pectoralis minor ; decends along its lateral edge S: pectoralis muscles |
|
subscapular artery
|
B: axillary artery
L: descends inferiorly along lateral aspect of scapula S: scapular muscles, latissiumus dorsi |
|
anterior circumflex artery
|
B: axillary artery
L: wraps around surgical neck of humerus S: deltoid, triceps, GH joint |
|
posterior circumflex artery
|
B: axillary artery
L: wraps around surgical neck of humerus ; travels through quadrangle space with the axillary nerve S: deltoid, triceps, GH joint |
|
the brachial artery is a continuation of...
|
the axillary artery
|
|
where does the brachial artery begin?
|
the inferior border of teres major
|
|
which artery travels through the cubital fossa?
|
the brachial artery
|
|
which artery descends on the medial side of the humerus between biceps brachii and triceps brachii?
|
the proximal portion of the brachial artery
|
|
describe the pathway of the brachial artery at the elbow
|
passed anteriorly into cubital fossa
lies on medial side of biceps tendon |
|
which artery would you find deep to brachioradialis?
|
radial artery
|
|
describe the relationship of the the radial artery to the flexor carpi radialis tendon
|
superficial
lateral |
|
what does the radial artery supply?
|
elbow
wrist extensors hand muscles |
|
what are the branches of the radial artery?
|
palmar and dorsal arches of the hand
|
|
which artery would you find superficial to the flexor retinaculum?
|
ulnar artery
|
|
which artery would you find lateral to pisiform?
|
ulnar artery
|
|
what does the ulnar artery supply?
|
elbow
forearm flexors muscles of the hand |
|
what does the ulnar artery branch into?
|
palmar arches
|
|
where would you find the proximal portion of the ulnar artery?
|
deep to superficial wrist flexors
travels along flexor digitorum profundus |
|
describe the distal pathway of the radial artery
|
at the wrist it turns posterior and lateral and enters the suffbox
|
|
what structure extends from the the aortic arch to the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?
|
descending aorta
|
|
describe the course of the abdominal aorta
|
extends inferiorly from aortic hiatus
travels to the level of L4 (iliac crest) bifurcates into common iliac arteries |
|
both the thoracic and abdominal aorta have what two branches?
|
parietal
visceral |
|
which aortic branch supplies blood to somatic structures (bones, muscles etc)
|
parietal
|
|
the visceral branch of the aorta supply...
|
visceral structures (internal organs)
|
|
how many pairs of posterior intercostal arteries are there?
|
11
|
|
where do the intercostal and subcostal arteries travel?
|
through intercostal spaces
|
|
posterior intercostal / subcostal arteries
|
B: costocervical trunks (1 - 2) ; thoracic aorta (3 - 12)
S: deep back muscles, spinal cord, vertebrae, skin of back |
|
anterior intercostal arteries
|
B: internal thoracic arteries
S: superior 9 intercostal spaces (skin and muscles) |
|
what supplies blood to the diaphragm and where does it branch from?
|
superior phrenic arteries
branches off the thoracic aorta |
|
which spinal segments are spanned by the thoracic aorta?
|
T5 - T12
|
|
which spinal segments are spanned by the abdominal aorta?
|
T12 - L4
|
|
the abdominal aorta gives rise to the abdominal arteries. Name them
|
inferior phrenic
celiac trunk suprarenal superior mesenteric renal gonadal inferior mesenteric lumbar median sacral common iliac |
|
inferior phrenic
|
paired
inferior surface of diaphragm |
|
celiac trunk
|
unpaired
common hepatic arter left gastric artery splenic artery |
|
suprarenal artery
|
paired
S: suprarenal glands (adrenal) |
|
superior mesenteric artery
|
unpaired
S: small intestine |
|
renal artery
|
paired
S: the kidneys |
|
gonadal artery
|
paired
S: testes, ovaries |
|
inferior mesenteric artery
|
unpaired
S: distal large intestine, rectum |
|
lumbar artery
|
four pairs
S: posterior abdominal wall, erector spinae, spinal cord |
|
median sacral artery
|
unpaired
S: sacrum, coccyx |
|
common iliac artery
|
pair
S: pelvis and lower limbs |
|
the common iliac arteries branch into...
|
internal iliac arteries
external iliac arteries |
|
what do the internal iliac arteries supply?
|
the pelvis
|
|
what do the external iliac arteries supply?
|
the lower limb
|
|
name the branches of the internal iliac artery
|
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal obturator artery internal pudendal artery |
|
which arteries pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
|
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal internal pudendal |
|
what is the relationship between the superior gluteal artery and the piriformis?
|
it passes above the piriformis
|
|
what is the relationship between the inferior gluteal artery and the piriformis?
|
it passes below the piriformis
|
|
which artery passes through the obturator foramen?
|
obturator artery
|
|
where does the external iliac artery enter the thigh?
|
inferior to the midline of the inguinal ligament
|
|
where does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
|
after it crosses the inguinal ligament
|
|
which artery travels through the adductor canal?
|
femoral artery
|
|
where does the femoral exit the adductor canal?
|
through the adductor hiatus
|
|
list the branches of the femoral artery and what they supply
|
medial / lateral circumflex femoral (hip joint)
femoral branches (anterior thigh mm) deep femoral (posterior thigh mm) |
|
the femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus and becomes?
|
the popliteal artery
|
|
the popliteal artery branches into?
|
anterior tibial artery
posterior tibial artery |
|
anterior tibial artery
|
B: popliteal artery
S: anterior leg extensors |
|
posterior tibial artery
|
B: popliteal artery
S: posterior leg flexors |
|
fibular artery
|
B: posterior tibial artery
S: lateral compartment leg muscles |
|
when the anterior tibial artery enters the foot it changes its name to?
|
dorsalis pedis artery
|
|
which artery gives rise to the medial plantar and lateral plantar arteries?
|
the posterior tibial artery
|
|
which artery supplies the dorsal foot?
|
arcuate (branch from dorsalis pedis)
|
|
which artery supplies the medial foot?
|
medial plantar artery
|
|
which artery supplies the toes?
|
plantar arch (from the lateral plantar artery)
|
|
the lateral plantar arteries anastomose with?
|
dorsalis pedis artery
|
|
the plantar arch anastomoses with?
|
arcuate artery
|
|
external jugular vein
|
Drains: superficial head structures
Location: crosses SCM Joins: subclavian veins |
|
vertebral veins
|
Drains: vertebrae, spinal cord, deep cervical spine muscles
Location: descends in transverse foramen Joins: brachiocephalic vein |
|
internal jugular veins
|
Drains: most of the blood from the brain, head, neck
Location: descends with the internal carotic artery Joins: brachiocephalic vein |
|
list the major sinuses of the head
|
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal straight transverse cavernous |
|
blood from the face pools in which sinus?
|
cavernous (via facial and opthalmic veins)
|
|
where do venous sinuses of the head eventually drain?
|
internal jugular vein
|
|
radial vein
|
From: palmar venous arches
Travels: deep to brachioradialis with radial artery Joins: brachial artery |
|
ulnar vein
|
From: palmar venous arches
Travels: with ulnar artery joins: brachial artery |
|
brachial vein
|
From: unification of ulnar and radial veins
Travels: ascends medial brachium with brachial artery becomes axillary vein and subclavian vein |
|
list the deep veins of the arm
|
radial
ulnar brachial |
|
list the superficial veins of the arm
|
cephalic
basilic median vein |
|
cephalic vein
|
travels: superiorly along lateral brachium to shoulder
Joins: axillary vein |
|
basilic vein
|
travels: posteromedial forearm, crosses elbow and travels more deeply
|
|
the basilic vein joins which two veins?
|
brachial
cephalic |
|
median vein of the forearm
|
travels: between radial and ulnar veins
ends: near elbow where it joins basilic or cephalic vein |
|
list three general characteristics of lymph capillaries
|
highly permeable
anchored by protein filaments porous for passage of proteins and cellular debris |
|
list the five major lymphatic ducts
|
lumbar
broncho-mediastinal subclavian jugular intestinal |
|
list the paired lymphatic ducts
|
lumbar
broncho-mediastinal subclavian jugular |
|
list the unpaired lymphatic ducts
|
intestinal
|
|
the lumbar lymphatic duct drains......
|
lower limbs
|
|
the broncho-mediastinal lymphatic duct drains......
|
thorax
|
|
the subclavian lymphatic duct drains......
|
upper limb
|
|
the jugular lymphatic duct drains......
|
head and neck
|
|
the intestinal lymphatic duct drains......
|
digestive tract
|
|
list the two lymphatic ducts
|
right lymphatic ducts
thoracic duct |
|
the thoracic lymphatic duct drains which lymphatic trunks?
|
lumbar
intestinal left broncho-mediastinal left subclavian left jugular |
|
the right lymphatic duct drains which lymphatic trunks?
|
right broncho-mediastinal
right subclavian right jugular |
|
what internal fibrous structure provides the 'skeleton' for the lymphnodes?
|
medullary cords
|
|
where would you find macrophages in a lymph node?
|
in the medulla in large sinuses
|
|
what types of cells would you find in the cortex of lymph nodes?
|
immune cells that produce antibodies
|
|
list the four lymph node organs (other than the lymph nodes).
|
spleen
thymus tonsils MALT |
|
where would you find the spleen?
|
left hypocondraic region
posterior to the stomach |
|
what are the functions of the spleen?
|
lymphocyte production
platelet storage breakdown of old RBCs extract debris, bacteria and viruses |
|
where would you find the thymus?
|
mediastinum deep to the sternum
|
|
how many glands make up the tonsils?
|
four
|
|
what is the function of the tonsils?
|
trap inhaled or ingested foreign matter
|
|
which four structures make up MALT?
|
tonsils
peyers patches appendix bronchial lymphnoid nodules |
|
list the veins of the azygos system
|
azygos
hemiazygos accessory hemiazygos |
|
the azygos system receives blood from where?
|
lumbar veins
thorax |
|
the azygos vein drains which structures?
|
right abdominal wall
right posterior thorax right lung |
|
the blood travelling in the azygos vein ends up where?
|
directly in the superior and inferior vena cava
|
|
the azygos vein is fed by which two veins?
|
right lumbar
right posterior intercostal |
|
which area of the body is drained by the hemiazygos?
|
the left side of the abdominal wall
|
|
the hemiazygos vein is fed by which veins?
|
left vertebral
left posterior intercostal |
|
which spinal level marks the end of the hemiazygos vein?
|
T9
|
|
the blood carried by the hemiazygos vein ends up in which structure?
|
the azygos vein
|
|
the accessory hemiazygos vein drains which area of the body and which structures?
|
left posterior thorax
left lung |
|
the accessory hemiazygos vein is a continuation of which structure?
|
it is a superior continuation of the hemiazygos vein
|
|
the accessory hemiazygos vein joins up with / drains into which vein?
|
anastomoses with the azygos vein
|
|
list the superficial veins of the lower limb
|
great saphenous
small saphenous |
|
which vein is the longest in the body?
|
great saphenous
|
|
describe the pathway of the great saphenous vein
|
medial leg and thigh
through saphenous opening in fascia lata |
|
the saphenous vein drains into?
|
femoral vein
|
|
describe the pathway of the small saphenous vein
|
lateral leg
between the heads of gastrocnemius |
|
the small saphenous vein drains into?
|
popliteal veins
|
|
describe the pathway of the fibular vein
|
ascends lateral compartment
|
|
where does the fibular vein drain?
|
posterior tibial vein
distal to the knee |
|
describe the pathway of the anterior tibial vein
|
ascends anterior compartment
pierces the interosseous membrane unites with posterior tibial vein |
|
the anterior tibial vein drains into?
|
popliteal vein
|
|
describe the pathway of the posterior tibial vein
|
ascends posterior compartment
receives fibular vein |
|
the posterior tibial vein drains into?
|
popliteal vein
|
|
describe the pathway of the popliteal vein
|
travels through adductor hiatus
|
|
the popliteal vein drains into?
|
femoral vein
|
|
describe the pathway of the femoral vein
|
passes deep to the inguinal ligament
|
|
the femoral vein drains into?
|
external iliac vein
|
|
the internal iliac vein drains...?
|
the pelvis
|
|
the external iliac vein drains...?
|
lower limbs
|
|
the internal and external iliac veins join...?
|
common iliac veins
|
|
the common iliac veins joins...?
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
which vein drains the digestive tract?
|
hepatic portal veins
|
|
which vein drains the liver?
|
the hepatic portal system
hepatic veins |
|
which vein drains the adrenal glands?
|
the suprarenal veins
|
|
which vein drains the kidneys?
|
the renal veins
|
|
which vein drains the testes/ovaries?
|
gonadal veins
|
|
which vein drains the posterior abdominal wall?
|
lumbar veins
|
|
what is the roll of the hepatic portal systems / veins in digestion?
|
it drains the intestines
the liver processes the nutrients and the hepatic veins take the blood to the heart where it will then be sent into systemic circulation carrying the nutrients to the body |
|
the hepatic vein drains where?
|
the inferior vena cava
|
