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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which two veins yield the Superior Ophthalmic Vein?
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Supraorbital and angular.
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Is the Supraorbital vein deep or superficial?
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Superficial
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Where does the supraorbital vein originate?
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Laterally near zygomatic-frontal suture, supraorbital margin (deep to orbicularis oculi)
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What does the orbicularis oculi allow?
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Closing of the eyelids.
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The supraobital vein anastomses with branches of the ______________.
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Superficial temporal.
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What are some of the branches of the supraorbital vein?
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Palpebral and frontal (or forehead).
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Where does the supraorbital vein receive it's diploic vein?
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Superciliary arch.
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How does the supraorbital vein become the superior root of the superior ophthalmic vein?
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via the communication vein that penetrtes the septum
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Where does the supraorbital vein terminate?
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When it joins the supratrochlear to form the angular vein.
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Where does the supratraochlear vein descends on the _____________ to join the _____________ to form the _______________.
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forehead, supraorbital, angular
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How does the angular vein become the inferior root of the superior ophthalmic vein?
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It's communicating branch penetrates the septum (septal penetrating branch).
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Why is enfective blood from infective skin of the danger triangle able to enter the orbit and brain?
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The angular and facial vein are valveless.
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What makes up the superior and inferior root of the superior ophthalmic vein?
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Superior root- supraorbital. Inferior root- angular.
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The superficial facial receives ____________ which communicates with ___________________ which communicates with _____________________.
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Deep facial, pterygoid venous plexus, cavernous sinus.
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Facial receives __________ branch of ____________ and then facial drains to the ____________.
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anterior, retromandibular, internal jugular.
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Name the 4 branches of the superficial temporal vein.
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Frontal, parietal, middle temporal, transverse
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Where does the parietal branch (of the superficial temporal vein) receive an emissary vein?
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Parietal foramen.
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Where does the middle temporal branch of the superficial temporal vein penetrate?
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temporalis fascia.
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Where does the transverse facial branch of the superficial temporal vein travel over?
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The zygomatic bone.
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Where does the superficial temporal vein terminate?
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Parotid gland, where it meets maxillar vein to form the retromandibular.
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What two veins form the retromandibular?
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superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein.
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Regarding the retomandibular vein, what does the anterior branch join and where?
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Facial, near lower border of parotid.
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The retromandibular vein's posterior branch joins the _________________ to form the ___________ on ______________________.
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posterior auricular, external jugular, sternocleidomastoid.
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The posterior auricular vein is mainly a __________ vein.
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Scalp.
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The posterior auricular vein uses a mastoid emissary vein to connect to _________________________________.
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Sigmoid dural venous sinus.
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Where is the pterygoid venous plexus a part of?
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infratemporal fossa.
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Are the pterygoid venous plexus and maxillary veins deep or superficial veins of the face?
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Deep.
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The pterygoid venous plexus communicates to the orbital veins via _________ fissure to___________________ vein.
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inferior orbital, infraorbital.
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The pterygoid venous plexus communicates to the face via the _____________.
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Deep Facial.
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The pteroid venous plexus communicates to the cavernous sinus by 3 routes, one of them is the ______________.
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nconstant emissary vein of vesalius foramen.
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The Vesalius foramen is in between which two foramen?
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foramen lacerum and foramen ovale.
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Where does the pterygoid venous plexus drain to?
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maxillary vein.
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Name the 7 superficial veins of the head.
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Supraorbital, supratrochlear, angular and facial, superficial temporal, retromandibular, posterior auricular, pterygoid venous plexus.
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What is the origin of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV)?
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when septal penetrating branch of supraorbital meets septal penetrating branch of angular.
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What are the 3 branches of the superior ophthalmic vein?
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two superior vortex ceins, lacrimal vein, and central retinal.
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Where does the central retinal branch of the superior ophthalmic vein possibly drain into?
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cavernous sinus.
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The inferior ophthalmic branch of the superior ophthalmic communicates with two main branches. Name them.
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Palpebral branches and angular, pterygoid plexus and infraorbital.
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What does the inferior ophthalmic branc of the superior ophthalmic receive?
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Two inferior vortexveins.
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Where does the inferior ophthalmic branch drain into?
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superior ophthalmic then to cavernous sinus, but sometimes directly drains to the cavernous sinus.
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What are the three major orbital venous routes?
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Superior ophthalmic vein-caernous sinus, angular, pterygoid plexus.
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Which of the three major orbital venous routes is the main pathway?
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Superior ophthalmic vein-cavernous sinus route.
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Does the angular or pterygoid plexus route have less orbital blood?
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Pterygoi plexus less than the angular.
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What are the three main veins of the superior orbital fissure?
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Superior ophthalmic vein, inferior ophthalmic vein, and central retinal vein (sometimes exits SOF).
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Name some veins of the eyeball.
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Superior vortex, Inferior vortex, and central retinal.
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Where does the superior vortex vein of the eyeball drain into?
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Superior ophthalmic.
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Where does the inferior vortex vein of the eyeball drain into?
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Inferior ophthalmic.
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Where does the central retinal vein of the eyeball drain into?
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Superior ophthalmic or to cavernous sinus.
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Scalp veins are a part what branches?
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Superficial temporal.
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The outer periosteum or pericranium of the skull is not meninges but ________________.
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Deepest layer of scalp.
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Does the siploe of skull contain diploic veins, diploic arteries, or both?
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Only diploic veins.
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Which veins can carry infections to the cranium?
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Emissary veins.
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Which veins connect to scalp veins, diploic veins and dural sinus veins?
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Emissary veins.
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In the cranium, which of the 3 meninges is the most outer? Is it the thickest or thinnest of the meninges?
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Dura mater, it is most thick.
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Which layer of dura is continous with the periosteum at foramina?
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Outer periosteal.
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Which layer of dura is continuous with the epineurium that surrounds spinal and cranial nerves?
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Inner meningeal layer.
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The inner meningea layer surrounds _____ and________ nerves.
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Spinal and cranial.
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What is the space between the arachnoid and dura mater named?
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Subdural space.
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Which of the dura is the middle meninges? What is it attached to?
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Arachnoid mater, attached to inner meningeal layer of dura.
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Which layer forms a sheeth over the optic nerve (CN II)?
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Arachnoid.
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What is papilledema?
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Where the optic nerve head appears swollen on ophthalmoscopic view.
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What is a possible cause of papilledema?
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increased intercranial pressure.
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Bilateral papilledema may be a sign of what condition?
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Pseudotumor cerebri.
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Pseudotumor cerebri most commonly effect whom?
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Fat, Fertile Females
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To which dura does the subarachnoid space belong to?
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Arachnoid.
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What does the subaracnoid space contain?
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Cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral veins and arteries.
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Within the subarachnoid space, what is contained between the pia and arachnoid?
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Cisterna.
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What is one of the purposes of the CSF?
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Impact resistance.
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Which of the dura is the thinnest and most inward, delicate layer of the meninges?
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Pia mater.
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Where does the pia mater run?"
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It invaginates into the brain/
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What does the pia mater carry into the brain?
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Small arteries and veins that supply CNS nervous tissue.
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Describe the Ventricular system.
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Choroid plexus in all four lobes. Lateral ventricals are in all four lobes. Within the system contains CSF for sponginess.
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Regarding the terminating Cerebral Veins, Dural Partitions, and Dural Sinuses, are all dural sinuses veins or all sinuses veins?
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All dural sinuses are veins, but not all sinuses are veins!
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Where do all cerebral veins and other veins of subarachnoid space drain to?
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Dural sinuses.
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Are all cerebral veins and dural sinuses deep or superficial?
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Deep veins of head.
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What does the great cerebral vein join of the falx cerebri to form a straight sinus?
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Inferior safittal sinus.
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What is the straight sinus?
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It is in junction of cerebral falx with tentorium cerebelli.
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Where does the tstraight sinus normally drain into?
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Left transverse sinus.
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Where does the superior safittal sinus drain into?
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Right transverse sinus.
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What does the superior sagittal sinus receive along it's course to the right transverse sinus?
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Superior cerebral veins.
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Which veins do the occipital sinus communicate with?
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Vertebral veins.
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Where does the transverse sinus run along?
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Occipital bone and petrosal portions of the temporal bones.
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What sinuses and veins do the transverse sinuses receive?
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Superior petrosal sinus, inferior cerebral and cerebellar veins, and diploic veins.
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What does the transverse sinus turn inferiorly to become?
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Sigmoid sinuses.
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Where is the confluence of sinuses located?
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Internal occipital protuberance, where the superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses meet.
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Which bone do the sigmoid sinuses groove as they descend?
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The mastoid part of temporal bone.
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Where do the sigmoid sinuses exit the skull?
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Jugular foramen.
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What are the sigmoid sinuses continuous with?
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Superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.
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What drains into the internal jugular vein?
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Inferior petrosal sinus.
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What is the appearance of the cavernous sinuses?
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Contains trabeculae and is spongy.
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What is the course of the cavernous sinuses?
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Extends from superior orbital fissure to apex of petreous temporal bone.
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Where does the cavernous sinus drain into? (3 parts)
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Inferior petrosal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferiorly into pterygoid venous plexus.
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Where are the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses located?
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Insde the dural diaphragma sella, which is penetrated by stalk (infundibulum) of pituitary.
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What is medial to the cavernous sinus?
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Poituitary gland and sphenoidal air sinus.
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What is located inside the cavernous sinus?
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Internal carotid artery (with its sympathetic nerve plexus) and abducent nerve (CN VI).
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How are the carotid artery and abducent nerve separated from the sinus blood?
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Endothelial covering.
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What are the four nerves that lie inside the lateral wall of a cavernous sinus?
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Oculomotor nerve (CN III), Trochlear nerve (CN IV), Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V1), and Maxillary diision of trigeminal nerve (CN V2).
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What is the cavernous sinus dural roof continuous with?
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Dural sellar diaphragm.
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What does the superior sagittal sinus become?
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Right transverse sinus.
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Where does the occipital sinus drain into?
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Left transverse sinus which receives straight sinus.
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Where does the superio petrosal sinus drain into?
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End of transverse sinus.
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Where does the cavernous sinus drain into? (3 parts)
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Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses.
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Intercavernous sinuses can carry a ___________ from one cavernous sinus to the other.
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Thrombus.
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