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80 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
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Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Os coxae, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
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What are the bones of the axial skeleton?
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Cranium, Maxillary bones, Zygomatic bones, Palatine bones, Mandible, Lacrimal bones, Inferior nasal conchae, Vomer, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Hyoid Bone, Vertebral Column, True ribs, False ribs, Sternum
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Where is the Cervical section of the vertebrae located?
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extends from the head to the thorax, includes 7 vertebrae
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Where is the Thoracic section of the vertebrae located?
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extend from the cervical portion to the lumbar section, includes 12 bones
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Where is the Lumbar section of the vertebrae located?
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continues from the thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum, includes 5 bones
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Where is the Saccrum section of the vertebrae located?
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forms the posterior wall of the pelvis, includes 1 bone
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Where is the Coccyx section of the vertebrae located?
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is one mass of four to five small coccygeal vertebrae that have fused into one, commonly called the tailbone, includes 1 bone
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What are the three basic sections of a bone?
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proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
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What are the inner parts of a bone?
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red marrow, yellow marrow, articular cartilage, trabecular (spongy) bone, cortical (compact) bone, medullary cavity, periosteum (membrane covering bone), blood vessels
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What function does red bone marrow have?
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makes red and white blood cells (leukocytes) , stem cells, and platelets.
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What are the functions of yellow bone marrow?
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consists primarily of adipose tissue, so it functions in fat (energy) storage
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What is the cellular composition of compact bone?
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osteocytes, lacunae, central canals, canaliculi
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Hyaline cartilage
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very fine collagenous fibers, found in ends of bones and in joints (soft part of nose, supporting rings of tracea), essential to development and growth of bones
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Elastic cartilage
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dense network of collagenous fibers (more flexible than hyaline) provides framework for external of ears and parts of larynx.
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Fibrocartilage
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tough tissue, lots of collangenous fibers, shock absorber, found in intervertebral discs, pelvic girdle, and between bones in knees
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What are the causes of sprains in the ankle?
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walking or excersizing on an uneven surface
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What are the causes of sprains in the knee?
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pivoting awkwardly during athletic activity
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What are the causes of sprains in the wrist?
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Landing on an outstretched hand during a fall
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What are the causes of sprains in the thumb?
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skiing or playing raquet sports such as tennis
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What is a sprain?
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occurs when one overextends or tears a ligament while severely stressing a joint
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How can you prevent a sprain?
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strengthening muscles, regular stretching, wearing muscle braces
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How can you prevent a strain?
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strengthening muscles, regular stretching, wearing muscle braces
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What is a strain?
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the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
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What is an acute strain?
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when a muscle becomes strained or pulled
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What is a chronic strain?
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comes from prolonged, repetetive movement of a muscle
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What causes an acute strain?
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slipping and falling, running/jumping/throwing, lifting a weight or heavy object in an awkward position
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What causes a chronic strain?
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jobs required manual labor, sports (gymnastics, tennis, rowing, golf)
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What are the six types of synovial joints?
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gliding (plane), saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, ellipsoid
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What is a plane or gliding joint?
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consists of two opposed flat surfaces of about equal size in which a slight gliding motion can occus between two bones. monoaxial
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What are examples of plane or gliding joints?
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carples and metacarples 2-5, ribs and vertebrae, between carples, between tarsles, tarsel and metatarsels
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What is a saddle joint?
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consists of two saddle-shaped, articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that the complementary surfaces articulate with each other
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What are examples of saddle joints?
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carpal and metacarpal of the thumb, between carpals, manubrium of the sternum, clavicle
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What is a hinge joint?
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monoaxial, consist of a convex cylinder in one bone applies to a corresponding concavity in the other bone.
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What are examples of hinge joints?
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elbow, knee, humorous/ulna/radius, femur/tibia, between phalanges, talus/fibula/tibia
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What is a pivot joint?
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consist of a relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring somposed partly of bone and partly of ligament
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What are examples of pivot joints?
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atlas/axis, radius/ulna,
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What is a ball-and-socket joint?
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consist of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits.
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What are examples of ball-and-socket joints?
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matecarpals/phalanges, matetarsals/phalanges, raduis/carpals, mandible/temporal bone
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What is a greenstick fracture?
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is imcomplete, and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone.
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What is a fissured fracture?
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an imcomplete longitudinal break
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What is a comminuted fracture?
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is complete and fragments the bone
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What is a transverse fracture?
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the break is complete, and occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
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What is an oblique fracture?
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occurs at an angle other than a right angle a right angle to the axis of the bone
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What is a spiral fracture?
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caused by excessive twisting of the bone
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What is the first step in a healing fracture?
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blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma
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What is the second step in a healing fracture?
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spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions
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What is the third step in a healing fracture?
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a bony callus replaces fibrocartilage
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What is the fourth step in a healing fracture?
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osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original
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What is a spiral fracture?
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caused by excessive twisting of the bone
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What is the first step in a healing fracture?
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blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma
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What is the second step in a healing fracture?
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spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions
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What is the third step in a healing fracture?
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a bony callus replaces fibrocartilage
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What is the fourth step in a healing fracture?
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osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original
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What are the muscles used to move the upper arm?
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coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, deltoid, subcapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
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What is the function of the coracobrachialis?
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flexes and adducts the arm
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What is the function of the pectoralis major?
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pulls arm anteriorly and across chest, rotates humerus, or adducts arm
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What is the function of the teres major?
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extends humerus or adducts and rotates arm medially
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What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?
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extends and adducts arm and rotates humerus inwardly, or pulls shoulder downward and posteriorly
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What is the function of the supraspinatus?
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abducts arm
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What is the function of the deltoid?
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abducts arm, extends or flexes humerus
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What is the function of the subscapularis?
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rotates arm medially
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What is the function of the infraspinatus?
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rotates arm laterally
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What is the function of the teres minor?
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rotates arm laterally
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What are the flexor muscles that move the upper arm?
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coracobrachialis, pectoralis major
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What is the result of extensively exercising a muscle?
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muscular hypertrophy, an enlarging of muscles
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What is the result of under-exercising a muscle?
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atrophy, decreasing in size and strength
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What is the specialized muscle fibers low-intensity exercise such as swimming or running effects?
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slow-twitch
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How does low-intensity exercise effect the specialized muscle fibers?
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develop more mitochondria, more extensive capillary networks envelope them, can sustain exercise for a longer period of time
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How much tension does a muscle have to exert for it to be considered forceful exercise?
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75% of maximum
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What specialized muscle fibers does high-intensity exercise such as weight-lifting effect?
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fast-twitch
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How does high-intensity exercise effect the specialized muscle fibers?
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produce new filaments of actin and myosin, diameters of fibers increase, entire muscle enlarges
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Does muscular hypertrophy produce new muscle fibers?
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no, just increases the size of existing ones
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How is strength of muscular contraction related to the diameter of the activated muscle fibers?
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it is directly related
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How is the strength of muscular contractions related to the muscle's ability to resist fatigue?
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it is unrelated
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How does atrophying occur?
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disease, accidents, injuries, irregular/no exercise
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What is summation?
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when muscle fibers are unable to completely relax stimuli in a series
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What is tetanic contraction?
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when a forceful, sustained contraction lacks even partial relaxation.
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What is recruitment?
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the increased number of motor units being activited
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What is muscle tone?
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the constant sustained contractions of a muscle, even when it appears to be at rest
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What happens if muscle tone is lost?
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the body collaspes, e.g. when someone loses consciousness
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