Anatomy and Physiology: Glands Tissues and Membranes, Integumentary System

Thin hair that baby has when it is born

First-degree (partial-thickness) burns . Only surface layers of epidermis involved. Skin is red and swollen

Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns. Involve the deep epidermal layers
Skin is red with blisters

Third-degree (full-thickness) burns, complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, destruction of nerve endings ,Burn is gray-white or black

A = Asymmetry: Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularity: Borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color: Different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter: Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
E = Elevated: Most are raised above the skin surface

Radiation: loss or gain of heat in the form of infrared radiation
Convection: loss to air moving over body surface
Conduction: transfer of heat from one object to another
Evaporation :loss of body heat to water as it evaporates from body surface

Only cell found in cartilage

MYOCARDIUM

Glial Cells: are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons

Dendrites: recieve stimulus
Axon: Drives away stimulus
Body
Nucleus

Tissue wasting

• Pleurisy-inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs
• Peritonitis-inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the abdominal organs

•Serous Pericardium-parietal and visceral layers surrounding the heart (Epithelial)
•Fibrous pericardium: encloses heart (Connective)

Inflamation of the pericardium (both layers)

Regulation of sweat secretion
Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface

hair follicle : allows Hair growth, tube like structure
Hair growth begins from hair papilla
Hair root lies hidden in follicle and visible part of hair called shaft
•

•Protection-first line of defense
•Against infection by microbes
•Against ultraviolet rays from sun
•Against harmful chemicals
•Against cuts and tears

Simple squamous (one layer with flat cells): Transport
Stratified squamous: (Several layers of flat cells). Protection
Simple columnar : (One layer of column looking cells).Line stomach and intestines. goblet cells. Specialized for absorption
Stratified transitional: stretch/bladder
Pseudostratified : ( one layer but seems more)Lines trachea
Simple cuboidal: (one layer, cube shape) secretory activity.

•Line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior
•Produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist
•Cilia can for secretions outward
Type of epithelial Membrane

Squamous: flat and irregular
Cuboidal: Square
Columnar: long, tall and narrow
Transitional

capable of detecting pressure

Simple: one layer
Stratified: more than one layer
Pseudostratified: only one layer but seems like more

Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin
several layers of stratified squamous epithelium
Stratum germinativum/ basal: Innermost layer of cells that continually reproduce, and new cells move toward the surface
Stratum corneum: Outermost layer of keratin-filled cells
Pigment-containing layer-epidermal layer that contains pigment cells called melanocytes, which produce the brown pigment melanin. Gives skin color

-true skin
connective tissue
contains nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and many blood vessels

Outermost layer of keratin-filled cells

•Connects the skin to the surface muscles
•Loose connective tissue
•Adipose (fat) tissue, adipocytes
•Blood vessels
•Nerves and nerve endings

Outermost layer of keratin-filled cells

Innermost layer of cells that continually reproduce, and new cells move toward the surfaceAs cells approach the surface, they are filled with keratin and eventually, they die as they approach the surface

Cover the surface of the body. They consist of stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissues. Cutaneous membranes are thick, relatively waterproof, and dry.

Small muscles which attach to the hair follicles Contraction causes the hairs to stand on end - known colloquially as goose bumps.

Type of Apocrine Gland
Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin
secretions increases during adolescence
secretion regulated by sex hormones
blackhead
Secretes vernix caseosa inutero

Eccrine sweat glands
Most numerous, important, and wide-spread of the sweat glands
Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through pores on skin surface
body heat regulation

Transitional epithelium type of tissue consisting of layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. usually found in the urinary tract, bladder. Cuboidal that when streched look squamous.

Serous
•Membrane-simple squamous epithelium on a connective tissue basement membrane
•Do not connect with the outside
•Serous fluid to avoid friction
•Mesothelium: name given to epithelial layer
Types
1. Parietal-line walls of body cavities
2. Visceral-cover organs found in body cavities

Skeletal
•Attaches to bones
•Also called striated or voluntary
•Control is voluntary
•Striations apparent when viewed under a microscope

Cardiac (myocardium)
Function is to pump blood (involuntary)

Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow organs

•Most abundant
•Supports, binds, forms framework
•Relatively few cells in intercellular matrix
•Main fiber is collagen

Areloar:glue that holds organs together
Adipose (fat):Lipid storage is primary function

Tendon – attach muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
Fascia-bands or sheets that support organs, prevents them from moving

Osseous:bones
Bone marrow: produces new blood cells
Cartilage:
a. Hyaline: Most common cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage: Elastic

Blood and Lymph

Connective tissue Membranes

system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system.

•Secretions go directly to the surrounding tissue fluid
•Secretions carried by bloodstream to the rest of body
•Secretions are called hormones which affect target tissues

•Have ducts
•Effect in limited area
•Carry secretions away from the glands
•Act in a limited area
•E.g Sebaceous oil gland, lacrimal gland.