Anatomy and Physiology - Week 1

A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

AKA midsagittal plane

A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves

A plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts - not necessarily equal

A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. it divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal.

Like an animal tanding in water, partially submerged.

Left and right halves are mirror images of each other.

All organs of the thoracic cavity are covered by this thin membrane.

Visceral layer/pleura = Lines the organs

Parietal layer of pleura = Lines the whole thoracic cavity

Thin membrane that lines the abdomen

Visceral Peritoneum = covers the internal organs

parietal peritoneum = covers entire abdominal cavity

Epithelial tissue -covers bodies surfaces. Also forms lining of mouth, bladder, glands, etc

Connective Tissues - Holds the body together and gives it support. Adipose, cartlilage, bone, etc.

Muscle tissue - Moves the body inside and out. 3 type - skeletal,cardiac and smooth

Nervou tissue - Transmits information around the body and controls body functions

Cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm (everything inside the cell membrane, other than the nucleus and genetic material) and the nucleus

Found in lining of surfaces such as the pleural space. Involved in the passage of gas or liquid and protects from friction

Occurs in areas prone to chemical or mechanical stress. Protects the underlying tissues. Skin, esophagus, lining of the mouth, vagina, etc. Continuously being worn off and replaced

Occurs in sheltered areas of the body where secretions and absorption takes place. Found on surface of ovaries, seceratory portions of glands, lining in ducts of liver, pancreas, kidneys, and salivary glands

Play an important role in endocrine and exocrine tissue

Found primarily along large excretory educts (sweat gglands). Protects delicate tissues in deeper layer

Line the length of the GI tract from stomach to rectum. Also excretory ducts. Contain absorptive and goblet cell.

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium lines the uterine tubes and respiratory tracts

Only occur in select areas of respiratory, digestive and reporoductive and some exceratory systems.

RARE

Appears to be stratified, but is simple. Most is ciliated and found in the respiratory tract

Very stretchy. Found in urinary tract, esp the bladder where great changes in volume occur. Provides a leak proof membrane and prevents diffusion

Cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge secretions. Cells have prominent endoplastic reticulum and golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Derived from epithelium.

-Presence/absence off ducts
- # of cells
- Shape
- Complexity of glandular structure
- type of secretions produced
- manner by which secretions are stored and discharged

Simple tubular found in stomach and intestines

Simple coiled tubular found in sweat glands

Simple branched tubular found in stomach, mouth, tongue and esophagus

Simple alveolar found in sebaceous glands

Branched alveolar in the sebaceous glands

Compound alveolar in mammary glands

Compound tubular found in bulbourethral, mammary, mucous glands of mouth, anong with kidney tubules and testes

Counpound tubuloalveolar found in salivary glands, ancreas, respiratory passages

Loose connective tissue (connective tissue proper) with fibers and cells suspended in thick, transparent ground substance.

The predominant cell is fibroblasts.

This surrounds every organ and forms SQ layer that connects skin to muscle. Presint in all MM

Loose connective tissue (connective tissue proper) which is areolar tissue with adipocytes are predominant cell. Highly vascular and is storehouse for energy and thermal insulator

Loose connective tissue (connected tissue proper) that has a network of thinreticular fibers containing loosly arranged fibers and fibroblasts suspended in ground substance. Forms the stroma which is framework of several organs

Dense connective tissue (collagenous) that is tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers and relatively avascular.

Makes up tendons and ligaments

Dense tissue (collagenous) that is coposed of cllagen fibers in thick buncles that are interwoven to form a single sheet.

This is found in dermis of skin and fibrous coverings of organs and capsule of joints

Connective tissue found in joints, ears, nose and vocal cords. Framework for bone.

It is avascular. The cells are chondrocytes and they live in lacunae in hollowed out pockets in bone matrix

3 types = Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartlage

Hyaline = most common type, composed of closely packed collagen. Found in joints @ end of long bones, growth plates, tracheal rings and connect ribs to sternum. Composes most of embryonic skeleton

Elastic = Contains elastic fibers in dense branching bundles. Flexible and found in epiglottis and pinnae

Fibrocartilage = usually found merged w/ dense connective tissue and hyaline. Thick bundles of collagen fibers w/ fewer chondrocytes than hyaline. lacks perichondrium and found in spaces between vertebra of spine,between pelvic girdle bones and knee joint

Connective tissue where the ground substance is plasma and the fibrous compartment is protein. Cells are WBC, RBC, and thrombocytes

Matrix is composed of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts. VERY well vasculated, w/ the haversian canal containing both a vascular and nerve supply

-Cnaliculi = Channels w/in matrix that supports paggage of blood vessels into deeper portions of the tissue

Found in brain, spine and peripheral nerves and is composed of 2 cell types: Neurons and neuroglial cells.

Neurons = have perikaryon (cell body), dendrites (receive impulses) and axion (long attachment that sends impulses away)

Prevent dessication, reduce injury, assist in thermoregulation, excrete water/salt/waist, receives and conveys sensory info, synthesizes vitamin D, and stores nutrients

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhouse cells, and merkel cells. 5 layers for thick skin and 3 for normal.

Thick = Stratum germinosum/basale, Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Normal skin = Stratum germination (basale), stratum spinosum, stratum corneum

Produce keratin. Located in all layers of epidermis

Produce melanin/pigmentation. Found in Stratum germination/basale layer

Phagocytize microinvaders. Founmd in stratum spinosum

Associated with sense of touch. Found in Stratum germination/ basale layer

Deepest layer. Has merkel, melanocyte, and keratinocytes. Actively engaged in cell division

Contain several layers of cells held tgether by desmosomes. Langerhan cellfound in this layer

Found only in thick areas. Composed of 2-4 layers of flattened, diamond shaped keratinocytes that contain lamellated granules of glycolipids which aid ibn waterproofing the skin and slowing fluid loss in epidermis

Found only in very thick kin. Composed of a few rows of flattened dead cells. Keratogranules combine w/ intracellular tonofilaments to form keratin fibrils

Horny outer layer. COmposed of 20-30 rows of keratocyte reminants (horny/cornified cells)

AKA Corium. Highly fibrous dense irregular connective tissue w/ collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. Contains hair folicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, and lymphatic channels.

Most common cell types are fibroblasts, adiposcytes, and macrophages.

Has two layerss, the papillary or superficial layer, and the reticular

Superficial layer of the dermis w/ loose connective tissue. Blood vessels provide nourishment for stratum germination/basale. Has dermal papillae which are finger like structures that holds dermis and epidermis together.

Contains meissners corpuscle - pain and touch receptor

Deep layer of dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Makes up 80% of dermis

Thick loose layer of areolar tissue and adipose tissue. Contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves

Has Pacinian corpuscle - sensitive to deep pressure

Located in Hypodermis and is sensitive to deep presure

Located in papillary layer of dermis. Pain and touch receptor

Superficial layer of the dermis w/ loose connective tissue. Blood vessels provide nourishment for stratum germination/basale. Has dermal papillae which are finger like structures that holds dermis and epidermis together.

Contains meissners corpuscle - pain and touch receptor

Deep layer of dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Makes up 80% of dermis

Thick loose layer of areolar tissue and adipose tissue. Contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves

Has Pacinian corpuscle - sensitive to deep pressure

Located in Hypodermis and is sensitive to deep presure

Located in papillary layer of dermis. Pain and touch receptor

Ergots - smaller than chestnuts, vestiges of 2nd and 4 digits

Chestnuts - Found on inside of each leg of carpus and tarsus. Vestiges of carpal/tarsal pads of the 1st digit

Connected to anus by duct. Lined w/ sebaceous and aprocrine glands and act as resevoiur for secretions produced

Outer layer of hoof modified epithelium and corium is modified dermis.

5 types of coriumin equine foot: Laminar corium (site for laminitis, located between hoof wall and 3rd phalanx), perioptic corium, coronary corium, sole corium and frog corium.

Hoof grows from coronary band downward and grows continuously

Web of sensory nerve endings w/ touch receptors

Anagen (active hair growth) > Catagen (transition) > Telogen (hair falls out)