Anatomy Cardiovascular System

Hematology

1. Transport (cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, heat)

2. Regulation (pH, electrolyte levels, heat distribution)

3. Protection (defense against pathogens, limit fluid loss in damaged vessels)

connective tissue

plasma

specialized cells in a fluid matrix

55% Plasma
45% Formed Elements (platelets are not cells)

5-6L (male).
4-5L (female)

7.35-7.45 (slightly basic)

5x as much as water.
Plasma is 2x as much as water

water (92%)

1. Proteins
2. Nitrogen wastes
3. Nutrients
4. Electrolytes
5. Respiratory Gases

1. 60% of proteins in blood.
2. Relatively Passive, Does not react much
3. Carrier protein
4. Major part of viscosity and osmolarity

The measure of solute in a liquid.

If its too low, then water builds up in tissue. If too high, water gets sucked from tissue

Antibodies (Gamma Globulin) or immunoglobulins, lipoproteins

Clotting protein

Urea, uric acid

glucose, amino acids, fatty acid

sodium (90%), potassium, some iron, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Cell Division and Cell Differentiation

Pluripotent Stem Cells

red bone marrow (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum

45%

Erythrocytes

4-6 million per microliter of blood

hematocrit

Bi-concave (thin center, thick margin)

1. Greater surface area to volume ratio
2. flexible to fit through capillaries

95% (280 million per cell)

1. Globin Chains (alpha & beta)
2. Heme (1 oxygen binds to each heme)
3. Iron

4

1. binds with oxygen by heme
2. the lungs

1. releases the Oxygen
2. Peripheral Tissue

carbon dioxide binds with globulin chains

Erythropoiesis

red bone marrow

a hormone called Erythropoietin

Kidneys in response to low oxygen levels

1. Pluripotent Stem Cells
2. Reticulocytes

immature blood cells that still have a nucleus

120 days

Spleen and Liver have tight capillaries. They prevent old erythrocytes that are no longer flexible from getting through

gets broken down into amino acids and reused

Gets reused in others parts of body (iron recycling is very efficient)

1. pigment is broken into biliverdin (green)
2. broken down into Bilirubin (yellow)
3. Liver breaks bilirubin into bile in the liver

Either filtered out by kidneys and expelled through urine or sent to intestines and expelled as the brown in feces

Jaundice (kidney or liver failure)

hemoglobin overflowing into urine, caused by ruptured RBC's

low oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs

1. Genetic mutation in hemoglobin
2. Oxygen carrying capacity is ok in normal oxygen levels
3. When oxygen is released, hemoglobin molecules cause a change in cell shape
4. sickled cells can get stuck in small capillaries and burst from frailness

1. White blood cells
2. Large and nucleated
3. Defend against pathogens, toxins, abnormal cells, damaged cells
4. 5000-10000 per micro-liter of blood

1. produce in red bone marrow
2. fragments of cells
3. Pieces of the parent cell, megakaryocyte
4. 130,000-140,000 per micro-liter of blood
5. essential in clotting process

Hemostasis

1. Platelets
2. Clotting proteins

1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug
3. Coagulation

the local smooth muscle constricts (vasoconstriction) immediately and lasts a few minutes. More effective against crushing damage.

1. Platelets become "sticky" and aggregate and adhere to each other and the vessel wall
2. Platelets release their contents (degranulate)
3. More platelets arrive and form the plug

1. Reinforces the platelet plug
2. Clotting factors are inactive proenzymes in plasma then become activated
3. The reaction is a cascade, each step depends on the step before it
4. Prothrombin becomes Thrombin, which turns fibrinogen into fibrin

Liver

Fibrinolysis

inappropriate blood clot

a drifting blood clot or anything that blocks a blood vessel

a problem with clotting factors

Mediastinum (area between lungs and sternum)

Double layered sac surrounding the heart

parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium or Epicardium

Pericardial cavity

(exterior to interior) Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Fibrous Skeleton

1. Structural Support
2. electrically insulates Atria and Ventricles

Coronary Sulcus

Interventricular Sulci

Auricles

Coronary arteries and veins

1. Pulmonary (blood to and from lungs)
2. Systemic circuit (heart to the rest of the body)

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava

slightly deoxygenated

Interatrial septum

Tricuspid valve

Regurgitation

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

ventricle

Pulmonary Semilunar valve

right, lungs. Pulmonary trunk

pulmonary veins, aorta

Venae Cavae, Pulmonary arteries

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

The left. It pumps blood to the whole body

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Left, Aorta

Myocardial infarction

Coronary Bypass

Foramen ovale

blood can flow without hitting the undeveloped lungs of a fetus

closing of the AV valves

closing of the semilunar valves

Systole

Diastole

1. Atrial Systole
2. Ventricular Systole & Atrial Diastole

1. Impulse from SA node causes atria to contract
2. blood gets squeezed into ventricles

1.Pressure decreases in Atria and increased in Ventricles, causes AV valves to close.
2.Pressure build up in Ventricles causes semilunar valves to open.

1. Ventricles relax
2. Pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta increases as pressure in ventricles decreases
3. Semilunar valves close, AV open
4. Blood begins flowing passively into ventricle

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in a single beat

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

1. CO= SV x HR
2. HR = CO/SV
3. SV = CO/HR

Hell no, changes with activity level (body's demand)

1. Modify SV (force of ventricle contraction)
2. Modify HR (polarization of SA node)

cardiac, Medulla oblongata

1. Proprioceptors- recognize body's position
2. Baroreceptors- monitor blood pressure
3. Chemoreceptors- monitor chemicals like carbon dioxide, oxygen, ph level
4. Emotions- fear, anger, excitement

It releases acetylcholine, which lowers heart rate

Releases norepinephrine, which causes heart to depolarize quicker, increasing the HR and SV

epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla beats heart faster and harder

ventricles eject as much blood as they receive; they keep a balance

1. Inner- endothelium
2. Middle- smooth muscle, collogen, elastic fiber
3. Outer- connective tissue

Thick walls, middle muscle tissue/elastic layer is the thickest

Conducting or Elastic arteries.

more

distributing or muscular arteries

more

Arterioles

less

regulating blood pressure

Capillaries

Capillaries

Capillaries

more time for oxygen exchange

RBC exposure is increased to increase surface area for exchange

A capillary that protects the brain from leakage

Capillary beds

Precapillary sphincters

Thoroughfare channel

Thinner

low

54

Preventing backflow in the veins

Their valves dont keep the blood flowing consistently in one direction

Any hardening of the arteries

Build up of fatty deposits in arteries

1. pressure difference
2. resistance
3. Pressure difference/resistance = blood flow

opposition of blood flow through the vessels

1. Blood viscosity
2. Vessel Length
3. Vessel Diameter (factor most likely to be changeable)
4. Turbulence

increase

increase

The peak pressure during ventricular systole

minimum pressure at the end of ventricular diastole

A quick expansion of blood vessels followed by a slow recoil

the rhythmic oscillation of pressures accompanying the cardiac cycle

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

decreases. elastic recoil absorbs energy, there is less of it further from the heart so recoil has greater effect.

capillaries

The heart's ability to contract w/o being told to

Cells of the conducting system spontaneously depolarize

wall of the right atrium, posterior

spreads the action potential over both atria

The normal heartbeat triggered by SA node

70-80 bpm

60-100 bpm

floor of right atrium

Nodal Rhythm

40-50 bpm

1. takes over if the SA stops
2. Transmits an impulse from the SA node, since its the only place the current can get through
3. Delays the impulse from the SA node briefly so the atria can contract and finish before the ventricle contracts

Upper part of interventricular septum, receives impulse from AV node

now check it

good job

cool dude

They are branches from the AV bundle that go into left and right ventricles. They begin the spread of impulses into the ventricles

Finger like extensions of the conducting cells that spread the impulses throughout the ventricles

awesome

1. short, branching
2. Mono-nucleated
3. They have large mitochondria for aerobic metabolism
4. Striated

they connect cardiocytes end-to-end:
1. Transmit tension
2. Transmit action potential

1. Na channels open, Na rushes into cell changing the charge from negative to positive, triggering action potential
2. Increase depolarization in the membrane opens more Na channels, rapidly increasing voltage
3. Na channels close as cell depolarizes
4.A plateau is created as slow Ca channels open and prolong the depolarization
5. Ca channels close and K channels open, creating a rapid flow of K and bringing the membrane to its resting potential

1. action potentials spread directly from cell to cell
2. long action potential (long twitch, basically a contraction)
3. Dependence on extracellular calcium
4. long absolute refractory period

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular repolarization

slower heart rate

faster than normal heart rate

any disorder of the heart rate or rhythm

quick, uncontrolled contractions

1. Pressure Gradient (very low)
2. Gravity
3. Skeletal Muscle Contraction
4. Respiratory Pump (drawing air in pulls blood into inferior vena cava, exhaling pushed the blood from venae cavae into right atrium)

change the cardiac output

Change the vessel diameter

precapillary sphincters, they react to local chemical changes in extracellular fluid

dialate

dialate

constrict

constrict

dialate

constrict

dilate (locally)

dilate (local)

Medulla oblongata

1. change HR through the SA node
2. change SV through the myocardium

connect the sympathetic system to the blood vessels

most vessels and skeletal/cardiac muscle, respectively

monitor the degree of stretch in walls of expandable organs

carotid arteries, aorta, right atrium

carotid artery, aorta, medulla oblongata

Monitor the pH (most important), carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels

check it

1. locally through capillary sphincters
2. Hormonal Control
3. Neural Control

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, Angiotensin II, Antidiuretic (ADH), Aldosterone, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

1. Kidneys detect decreased BP, release Renin (enzyme)
2. Angiotensinogen (inactive agent in blood already)
3. Angiotensinogen becomes Angiotensin I
4. Angiotensin I reacts with enzyme ACE (in lungs), becomes Angiotensin II (makes you think you are thirsty)
5. Increases thirst, decreases urination, causes vasoconstriction
5.

1. source is the posterior pituitary, made in the hypothalamus
2. increases water retention

1. source is the adrenal cortex
2. increases sodium retention, increasing water retention

1. Source is the specialized cardiac muscles in the atrial walls
2. Made in response to stretch due to excessive venous return
3. Decrease in sodium retention, therefore decrease in water retention