Anatomy Chapter 1,2

STRUCTURE

FUNCTION

1. Chemical 5. Organ System
2. Cellular 6. Organismal
3. Tissue
4. Organ

Atoms combine to form molecules, and molecules then form organelles

1. Cells are made of molecules
2. there are 2 types of cells
Procreatic and Euocreatoic

Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
There are 4 types of tissues.
1.Epithelio
2. Nervous
3. Connective
4. Muscular

-Epithelio (tightly dense tissue
-Nervous (nurons communicate with the nuroglia)
-Connective (sparse cells form a matrix
-Muscular (contains the cardiac, skeletal and smooth tissues

organs combine any 1 of the 4 tissues or multiple or all tissues types.

Different organs work together as part of a system

several organ systems working together within the organism

Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system,
- propelling ourselves from a-b
- manipulating the external environment
- Also includes liquids being propelled through organs
- At the cellular the contraction is referred to as contractility

Bodies ability to respond to external and internal stimulus

Humans are heterotrophs. We can only make chemical to chemical changes

1. Fat
2. Protein
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nuclei Acids

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
Most of the metabolism takes place i the membranes of cells

Removal of waste

Somatic cells divide producing 2 daughter cells that are used for body growth and repair

The bodies constant attempt to reach equilibrium. (The body never obtains homeostasis)

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7.Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11/12. M-F Reproductive

Toward the head end or upper part of the body.
example.
The head is superior to the abdomen

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body (below)
example:
The naval is inferior to the chin

Torward or at the front of the body (in front of)
example
the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Torward or ate the back of the body (behind)
example:
The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Torward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)
example:
the heart is medial to the arm

Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side
example:
the arms are lateral to the chest

Between a more medial and lateral structure.
example:
The collar bone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example:
the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example:
the knee is distal to the thigh

toward the body surface
example:
the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Away from the body surface; more internal
example:
the lungs are deep to the skin

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body (below)
example:
The naval is inferior to the chin

Torward or at the front of the body (in front of)
example
the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Torward or ate the back of the body (behind)
example:
The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Torward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)
example:
the heart is medial to the arm

Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side
example:
the arms are lateral to the chest

Between a more medial and lateral structure.
example:
The collar bone is intermediate to the breastbone and shoulder

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example:
the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example:
the knee is distal to the thigh

toward the body surface
example:
the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Away from the body surface; more internal
example:
the lungs are deep to the skin

1. Frontal (through the torso)
2. Transverse (through torso inferior view)
3. Median (splits head to toe)

1. Dorsal
2. Ventral

1. Cranial (contains brain)
2. Vertebral (contains spinal cord)

1. Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity

1. Heart and Lungs
2. Superior Mediastinum
3. Pleural Cavity
4. Pericardial Cavity

Digestive viscera

1. Urinary bladder
2. Reproductive Organs
3. Rectum

between the Superior Mediastinum and Abdominal Cavity

1. RUQ
2. LUQ
3. RLQ
4. LLQ

1. R Hypochondriac
2. Epigastric
3. L Hypochondriac
4. R Lumbar
5. Umbilical
6. L Lumbar
7. R Iliac
8. Hypogastric
9. Left Iliac

An increase in size of a body part.

Occupies space and has mass

Gaseous, Liquid, Solid

Capacity to do work

Energy in action

example: the rubber band

Stored Energy
example: The rubber band

1. Chemical
2. Electrical
3. Mechanical
4. Radian or Electromagnetic

1. Oxygen 65%
2. Carbon 18.5%
3. Hydrogen 9.5%
4. Nitrogen 3.2%

1. Ca
2. P
3. K
4. S
5. Na
6. Cl
7. Mg
8. I
9. Fe

A combination of 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

Polar
Non Polar
Ionic

When 2 or more atoms combine they form molecules of a compound

1. Solute (crystal light)
2. Colloid (Jello)
3. Suspension (blood)

1. Chemical
2. Ionic
3. Covalent
4. Hydrogen

1. Reactants react
2. Molecular rearrangement
3. Products form

Energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances

Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances

Pearl Necklace

monomers that are not strung together
function: Polymers hydrate the cell through hydrolysis breaking the polymer down into monomer units

1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis, Reactions

CH2O
There is a 2 Hydrogen to 1 Carbon and Oxygen ratio

glucose and dextrose

Sucrose and Lactose

Provide a ready, easily used source of cellular food, which is broken down to form ATP which is stored as fat

are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and organic solvents

neutral fats made up of fatty acids and glycerol 3:1 ratio

Phospholipids have 2 tails Tris have 3

Flat molecules made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
example: Cholesterol

Serve as building blocks and work as enzymes (catalysts)