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What are the 4 major functions of the vertebral column?
What are the five different regions of the vertebrae? How many vertebrae are in each region?
Blue - cervical
Orange - thoracic
Green - lumbar
Purple - sacrum
Yellow - coccyx
Region A : Vertebral / Neural Arch
Region B: Body
Teal Area: Vertebral Foramen
A: Spinal Cord
B: Meninges
C: Epidural Fat
D: Vertebral (Neural) Canal
A: spinous process
B: lamina
C: articular process
D: transverse process
E: pedicle
F: body
Name the parts as they relate to this type of vertebrae and type of vertebra.
A: small body
B: short transverse process
C: articular facets
D: uncinate process
E: short bifid spinous process
F: transverse formaina

This is a cervical vertebra.
Label the parts as they relate to this type of vertebrae. What type of vertebra is shown here?
A: heart shaped body
B: articular facets oriented in the coronal plane
C: costal (demi) facets for articulation with the head and tubercles of ribs.
D: long, obliquely oriented spinous process.

This is a thoracic vertebra.
Label the parts as they relate to this type of vertebra. What type of vertebra is show here?
A: large kidney bean shaped body
B: mamillary process on articular process
C: saggitally oriented articular process
D: long transverse process
E: short, broad spinous process

This is a lumbar vertebra.
What is the purpose of the lamina and pedicle?
Protect spinal cord.
What is the purpose of a process on a vertebra?
Muscle attachment and movement.
Why are the vertebral foramina so large in the cervical vertebra?
The spinal cord is large here.
What is the purpose of the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebra?
Transmission of vessels.
How are the articular facets arranged on the cervical vertebra? How does this affect movement?
Oriented slightly oblique to the transverse plane giving this region of the spine the greatest mobility.
What types of movement do the articular facets of the thoracic vertebra allow?
Permit mainly lateral bending and rotation. Minimal flexion and extension.
What types of movement do the articular facets of the lumbar vertebra allow?
Permit flexion, extension and lateral bending. Minimal rotation.
What is the function of the mamillary process? Where are these processes found?
Muscle attachment, found on the articular process of most lumbar vertebra.
What degenerative pathology is seen on the lumbar spine? Why?
Label the parts.
A: anterior sacral foramina
B: ala
C: promontory
D: median sacral crest
E: lateral sacral crest
F: posterior sacral foramina
Label the figure.
A: base of sacrum
B: promontory
C: auricular surface
D: pelvic surface
E:lateral sacral crest
F: coccyx
G:anterior longitudinal ligament
The sacrum participates in _______ joints critical to ______ ______ ______ ______.
three, weight transfer during locomotion.
Name the primary curvatures of the spine.
Thoracic kyphosis & Sacral kyphosis
Name the secondary (acquired) curvatures of the spine. Why are the secondary cuvatrues formed?
Cervical lordosis & Lumbar lordosis. The secondary curvatures feature ventral convexity developed for walking.
What is the curvature of the spine called in a fetus?
Kyphotic curvature.
A: lourdosis or "swayback"

B: Kyphosis
What is often the cause of thoracic kyphosis?
Resorption of bone produced by osteoporosis in the post-menopausal female.
scoliosis. Remember that you would only examine for scoliosis when the patient is in flexion.
A: inferior articular process
B: superior articular process
C: inferior vertebral noch
D: superior vertebral noch
E: intervertebral disc
F: zygapophysial joint
G: intervertebral foramen
Describe the properties of the facet (z) joints along with the range of motion it provides.
Joints form between superior and inferior articular processes. They are plane synovial joints. Each defines the normal range of free gliding motion (diarthroses) between adjacent vertebrae.
Describe the properties of the intervertebral foramina and what purpose it serves.
Foramina exist between subadjacent pedicles and transmit spinal nerves from the vertebral canal to the body wall and extremities.
Describe the properties of the intervertebral discs and the purpose they serve.
Discs exist between the bodies of sub adjacent vertebrae and contribute to symphyseal joints which provide a mechanism for shock absorption and load-bearing between vertebrae.
Synovial joints are richly innervated with ____ that transmit ____ and ___.
sensory never endings, pain. proprioception
Define proprioception
Awareness of the body in 3D space.
A: synovial joints
B: ball and socket
C: hinge
D: ellipsoid
E: saddle
F: pivot
G: plane
Label. What type of joint is this?
A: articular cavity
B: synovial membrane
C: fibrous membrane
D: joint capsule
E: hyaline cartilage
F: articular cavity

This is a synovial joint
Each synovial joint is surrounded by a ____ _____, which surrounds the _____ _____ and forms a closed ____ _____.
fibrous joint capsule, articular surfaces, articular (synovial) cavity.
The articular surfaces of a synovial joint are covered with distortable ____ _____ laid over a thin layer of _____ _____.
hyaline (articular) cartilage, subchondral bone.
Immovable joints are called this.
Synarthroses.
Very movable joints are called this.
Diarthroses.
Slightly movable joints are called this.
Amphiarthroses.
A: sutures
B: sutural ligament
C: gomphosis
D: syndesmosis
E: synchondrosis
F: symphysis
What is the difference between fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints?
Fibrous joints feature bones joined by dense connective tissue and cartilaginous joints feature bones joined by hyaline cartilage (primary) or fibrocartilage (secondary).
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
extension and flexion
What movements occur in the coronal plane?
lateral flexion/bending
What movement occurs around a vertical axis?
extension
Define flexion
Bringing two ventral surfaces closer to each other.
Name each vertebra.
A: cervial
B: thoracic
C:lumbar
For each movement describe the vertebrae that allow for this movement and the degree of movement: lateral bending, flexion/extension and rotation.
What are the causes of degenerative changes in the facet joints? How common is this a cause of chronic back pain?
Degeneration of articular cartilage leads to inflammation of the synovial membranes OR spondylophytes impinge upon spinal nerves. Responsible for 15% of chronic back pain.
Describe three characteristics of intervertebral foramina.
1. Bounded by the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae superiorly and inferiorly.
2. Are variably bounded by bodies and discs anteriorly.
3. Area bounded by facet joints posteriorly.
What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?
Transmit short, mixed spinal nerves (sensory/motor OR efferent/afferent) which immediately upon exiting the foramen divide into rami.
A: ventral rami
B: dorsal rami
A: cutaneous
B: dorsal rami
A: anulus fibrosus
B: nucleus pulposus
C: hyaline cartilage
A: anulus fibrosis

B: nucleus pulposis
As part of an intervertebral disc describe the annulus fibrosis.
A peripheral portion composed of concentrically arranged rings of fibrocartilage. Thinnest posteriorly.
As part of an intervertebral disc describe the nucleus pulposus.
An inner semi-gelatinous (70-80% water region). Eccentrically placed so it sits closer to the posterior portion of the disc.
A: outer zone of anulus fibrosus
B: inner zone of anulus fibrosus
C: nucleus pulposus
D: anulus fibrosus
A: absorb shock
B: permit transient compression
C: allow fluid displacement
D: distributed evenly over the entire superior surface of the subjacent vertebral body.
E: undue concentration of the load.
A: anulus fibrosus
B: nucleus pulposus
C: sclerotic endplates
D: spondylophytes
E: vertebral body
F: bridging spondylophytes
Intervertebral discs are vulnerable to degenerative change with age because . . .
they are becoming less vascular and more brittle with age.
What is a herniated IV disc?
It involves the protrusion of the nucleus through a posterolateral bulge or tear in the annulus, resulting in the compression of spinal nerve roots.
A: nucleus pulposus
B: herniation of nucleus pulpous
C: compressed spinal never root
D: cauda equina
E: defect in anulus fibrosus
F: anulus fibrosus
What is radiculopathy?
A condition due to a compressed nerve in the spine that can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness along the course of the nerve.
1: anterior longitudinal ligament
2: posterior longitudinal ligament
3: ligamentum flavum
4: interspinous ligament
5: supraspinous ligament
Identify and describe this ligament
This is the anterior longitudinal ligament. It covers the anterior and lateral parts of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs. Extends superiorly to the base of the skull.
A: fracture dislocation of vertebrae
B: anterior longitudinal ligament
Describe the function of ligaments.
Ligaments act passively, preventing movement and limiting extension.
Identify and describe the ligament shown here.
This is the posterior longitudinal ligament. It covers the posterior parts of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. It is narrower and weaker than the anterior longitudinal ligament. Most herniation occur off center because of this ligament. This ligament also aids in balance and limits flexion.
This is the ligament up flavum. It extends between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Elastic and yellow. Limits flexion and helps maintain normal vertebral curvatures.
Identify and describe the ligaments shown here.
A: interspinous ligament - limits separation of the posterior vertebral bodies as in flexion.
B: supraspinous ligament - limits separation of the spinous processes as in flexion.
Identify and describe the ligament shown here.
This is the ligamentum nuchae. It replaces the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in the cervical region. Runs from the external occipital protuberance of the skull to the spinous process of the vertebra prominent (C7).