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38 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
The contractile portions of skeletal muscle via what?
Tendons
Tendons that come in long flat sheets are called this.
Aponeuroses
How are origin and insertion points of muscles defined?
The origins of muscles are fixed during contraction while the insertion point is mobile end of the muscle. The muscle pulls with equal force on both attachments.
Name the three types of skeletal muscle contraction.
Reflexive, Tonic and Phasic
Describe reflexive muscle contractions.
Automatic and not voluntarily controlled - for example, respiratory movements of the diaphragm.
Describe tonic muscle contraction.
A slight contraction (muscle tone) that does not produce movement of active resistance but gives the muscle firmness, assisting the stability of joints and the maintenance of posture.
Describe phasic muscle contraction.
Isometric - muscle length remains the same, tension above tonic levels.
Isotonic - changes length to produce movement. (concentric = shortening & eccentric = lengthening)
Give a description of the superficial layer of back muscle.
consists of muscles responsible for moving the pectoral girdle and upper extremity
Give a description of the thoracolumbar fascia.
A complex of tissues enclosing to surround and support the deep (intrinsic) back muscles.
What are the three borders and three angles of the scapula?
Borders: superior, medial (vertebral), lateral (axillary)
Angles: superior, inferior, lateral
The root of the spine of the scapula is aligned with which spinous process?
T3
The inferior angle of the scapula is aligned with which spinous process?
T7
The highest point of the iliac crest is aligned with which spinous process?
L4
List and describe the movements of the scapula.
Elevation and Depression: up and down movements.
Protraction and Retraction: outward and inward movements.
Rotation: upward and downward rotation that repositions the lateral angle from the vertical to horizontal (arm raise).
Describe the movements of the different portions of the trapezius.
Upper trap: elevation (shoulder shrug)
Middle trap: retraction (rower)
All fibers: rotation
The serratus posterior muscles are involved in what process?
Respiration. Superior for inspiration. Inferior for expiration.
The deep muscles of the back are also called:
intrinsic or paraspinal
The deep muscles of the back attach mainly to what structures? What is the innervation of these muscles?
The transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae. Dorsal rami.
The intrinsic back muscles are derived from what? What is their main function?
Derived from epicures of embryonic somites and are referred to as epaxial muscles. They are postural muscles, resisting the pull of gravity.
What are the three divisions of the iliocostalis muscle?
cervicis, thoracis and lumborum
What are the two divisions of the longissimus muscle?
capitis, thoracis
What are the two divisions of the spinals muscle?
cervicis, thoracis
The deep muscles of the back must counteract what fact about the orientation of the human body? What problem does this often cause?
The deep back muscles, particularly in the lumbar region, must counteract the fact that the body's line of gravity lies anterior to the spine, leading to muscle strain and lower back pain.
An initial spurt of abdominal muscle ____ initiates _____, after which ____ becomes the prime mover while the erector spinae muscles ____.
contraction, flexion, gravity, lengthen
A contraction of the erector spinae muscles produce _____ while the abdominal muscles _______.
upright posture to extension, lengthen.
Define contralateral
opposite side
List the three erector spinae muscles.
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
List the two splenius muscles.
splenius cervicis
splenius capitis
List the three transversospinalis muscles. How many segments in each?
semispinalis: 4-6
multifidus: 2-4
rotatores: 1-2
What is the range of motion in the cervial spine for: lateral flexion, flexion/extension, rotation
lateral flexion: 35 degrees
flexion: 65 degrees
extension: 40 degrees
rotation: 50 degrees
What features of the body allow for the range of motion in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
-Orientation of article facets (oblique to the horizontal)
-Relative thickness of I.V. disks
-Small amount of surrounding body mass.
What is an uncovertebral "joint"? What causes its formation?
These are formed by spondylophytes that form uncinate processes. This happens as discs lose moisture and shrink, starting around age 20!
What problems can uncovertebral "joints" cause?
Posterior expansion can impinge upon the spinal cord and lateral expansion can impinge upon spinal nerves or vertebral arteries.
Describe the "yes" joints.
Antlo-occipital joint that forms between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets allowing for flexion and extension of the head.
Describe the "no" joints.
The antloaxial joint. Posterior articular facet of the dens with the articular facet for the dens. Inferior articular facet of atlas with superior articular facet of axis. Synovial joints. Arrangement allows for rotation of the head and atlas together.
Describe the range of motion in the thoracic and lumbar spine for the following movements: lateral flexion, flexion/extension, rotation.
lateral flexion: 40 degrees
flexion: 85 degrees
extension: 60 degrees
rotation: 40 degrees
The superior articular facets of the cervical vertebrae are how many degrees off the transversal plane?
45
The superior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae are about how many degrees off the coronal plane?
20