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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body region associated with the head
|
cephalic
|
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Body region associated with neck
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cervical
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Body region associated with chest
|
thoracic
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Body region associated with the arm from the shoulder to the elbow
|
brachium
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Body region associated with the forearm
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antebrachium
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Body region associated with the front of the elbow where you draw blood
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antecubital
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Body region associated with the wrist
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carpus
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Body region associated with the pelvis
|
pubis
|
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Body region associated with the groin
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inguinal
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Body region associated with the lower back
|
lumbar
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Body region associated with the buttocks
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gluteus
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Body region associated with the thigh
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femur
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Body region associated with the kneecap
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patella
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Body region associated with the leg from the knee to the ankle
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crus
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Body region associated with the ankle
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talus
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Body region associated with the sole of the foot
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plantar
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Left and Right upper 1/3 of abdomen
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hypochondriac regions
|
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Left and Right middle 1/3 of the abdomen
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lumbar
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Left and Right lower 1/3 of the abdomen
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iliac
|
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upper central 1/3 of abdomen
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epigastric
|
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middle central 1/3 of abdomen
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umbillical
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lower central 1/3 of abdomen
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hypogastric
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name the body cavities
|
dorsal and ventral
|
|
ventral body cavity is made up of
|
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity |
|
dorsal body cavity is made up of
|
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity |
|
describe the thoracic cavity
|
upper chest cavity
-pleural cavities surround left and right lung -mediastinum - area between 2 lungs -pericardial - cavity surrounding the heart |
|
mediastinum
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area between the two lungs
|
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pericardial
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the cavity that surrounds the heart
|
|
what divides the ventral body cavity
|
diaphragm
|
|
whats the name of the lower ventral cavity
|
abdominopelvic cavity
|
|
name the body membranes
|
mucous
serous synovial cutaneous |
|
name the membrane that is thick, sticky fluid, lines various cavities and tubes that enter and exit the body
oral, nasal cavities, respiratory, reproductive, digestive systems |
mucous
|
|
what membrane lines ONLY the ventral body cavity
|
serous
|
|
what lines the and abdominopelvic cavities and covers visceral organs
|
serous membrane
|
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what is the name of the watery lubricant produced by the serous membrane
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serous fluid or transudate
|
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what membrane has two layers - parietal and visceral
|
serous
|
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parietal vs visceral
|
parietal outermost layer touching the cavity
visceral innermost layer around the organ |
|
what are the subdivisions of the serous membranes
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visceral/parietal pleura
visceral/parietal pericardial visceral/parietal peritoneal |
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greater and lesser omentum
|
folds of peritoneum that extend from the stomach
serous membrane |
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mesenteries are
|
double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum
|
|
synovial membranes are composed entirely of what type of tissue
|
connective
|
|
what type of membrane lines certain joints
|
synovial
|
|
name of skin membrane
|
cutaneous
|
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zonula occludens
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tight junctions
zipper impermeable barrier *digestive tract* |
|
what are desmosomes
|
anchoring junctions, mechanical rivets
|
|
where are desmosomes found
|
tissues under mechanical stress
heart, skin, uterus |
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what junctions allow chemicals to pass between adjacent cells
|
gap junctions
|
|
where do you find gap junctions
|
electrically excitable tissues like the heart, smooth muscle, to synchronize
|
|
what types of intercellular junctions would you find in the digestive tract
|
tight junctions / zonula occludens
|
|
what types of intercellular junctions would you find in the heart
|
desmosomes (mechanical stress)
gap junctions (synchronization) |
|
3 areas where serous membranes are located
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pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, peritoneal cavity
|
|
what does the epithelium do
|
covers and lines
skin, CV, GI, respiratory, urinary, reproductive system covers walls and organs of ventral body cavity |
|
what body cavity does the epithelium cover/line
|
ventral body cavity
|
|
epithelium
|
skin
|
|
whats the name of the epithelial tissue that covers visceral organs and lines body cavities
|
mesothelium
|
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what epithelial tissue lines the inner walls of blood and lymphatic vessels
|
endothelium
|
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what epithelial tissue makes up the majority of the glands of the body
|
glandular
|
|
glandular tissue can be divided into two subcategories
|
exocrine glands
endocrine glands |
|
whats the function of exocrine glands
|
secretions pass through ducts
|
|
whats the function of endocrine glands
|
ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood or lymphatic fluid
|
|
what are the functions of epithelial tissues
|
protect
absorb filter excrete sensory reception |
|
what type of tissue is composed of closely packed cells with little EC material
|
epithelium
|
|
name the polar surfaces of epithelium
|
apical (external environment)
basment membrane (closest to the internal environment) |
|
what are the apical specializations
|
microvilli
cilia |
|
microvilli function and location
|
fingerlike projections
absorb or secrete kidney tubules, intestinal tract |
|
cilia function and location
|
movement / propel
trachea |
|
kidneys have microvilli or cilia
|
microvilli because they absorb and secrete
|
|
trachea has microvilli or cilia
|
cilia because it propels mucous
|
|
basement membrane of the epithelium has two types
|
basal lamina
reticular lamina |
|
describe the basal lamina
|
thin
supportive sheet of non-cellular glycoproteins that lies adjacent to the basal surface of the epithelium |
|
describe the reticular lamina
|
deep to the basal lamina and is a network ofc collagen protein fibers that are part of the underlying CT
|
|
describe the epithelium
|
innervated
avascular regenerates rapidly apical specializations basal membrane |
|
simple epithelium has how many layers and is associated with what functions
|
one, thin
absorption secretion filtration NO PROTECTION |
|
where would you find simple epithelium
|
kidneys because lots of secretion, absorption, filtration
|
|
stratified function
|
two or more cell layers
protection regenerate from basal layer and push apically as they mature |
|
which direction do stratified epithelial cells migrate as they mature
|
apically
|
|
what types of epithelial cells are found 99% in the respiratory tract
|
pseudostratified,
single layer thick but vary in height and have nuclei located at different levels from the basement membrane giving the appearance that it is several layers thick |
|
where is pseudostratified epithelial cells located
|
nasal cavity
trachea bronchi repro tract |
|
where do you find simple cuboidal
|
glands
kidney tubules |
|
where do you find simple columnar
|
stomach
intestinal tract |
|
where do you find pseudostratified columnar
|
respiratory tract
|
|
stratified squamous epithelia found in
|
mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, vagina
|
|
stratified cuboidal found in
|
mammary, sweat and salivary glands
|
|
male urethra has what type of epithelial tissue
|
stratified columnar epithelia
|
|
transitional epithelia is found in...
|
urinary bladder
|
|
describe transitional epithelia
|
basal layer cuboidal/columnar
apical cells vary in appearance from rounded to flattended, depending on the distention of the organ |
|
how is glandular tissue classified
|
number of cells
branching gland shape |
|
what are unicellular glandular epithelia
|
single celled glands
|
|
goblet cells are an example of what type of glandular epithelia
|
unicellular
goblet cells found in epithelial linings of respiratory and digestive tracts |
|
what are multicellular glandular epithelia
|
composed of both secretory and cells that form the walls of the ducts
|
|
branching patterns of glandular epithelia
|
simple
compound |
|
two types of gland shapes
|
tubular
alveolar/acinar |
|
secretion types of glandular epithelia
|
mucoid
serous mixed exocrine |
|
mucoid secretions contain
|
glycoproteins called mucins that absorbe water to form a slippery mucus
|
|
serous secretions contain
|
watery solution
enzymes like amylase |
|
amylase
|
in saliva and breaks down carbs to disaccharides
|
|
mixed exocrine glands contain
|
more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions:
serous mucous |
|
example fo mixed exocrine gland
|
submandibular gland
|
|
mechanisms of release of secretion (glandular epithelia)
|
merocrine
apocrine holocrine |
|
merocrine mechanism of release
|
secretory vesicles are discharged into the lumen
e.g. goblet cells |
|
aporcrine mechanism of release
|
some of the cytoplasm of the cell becomes the secretory product
milk production by the lactiferous glands |
|
holocrine mechanism of release
|
entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and the cell dies as the secretion is released
sebaceous hair glands |
|
goblet cells have what type of mechanism of release (glandular)
|
merocrine
|
|
milk production by lactiferous glands are an example of what type of release
|
apocrine
|
|
sebaceous hair glands are an example of what type of release
|
holocrine
|
|
what does CT do
|
structural framework for body
transport fluids / materials protect vital organs supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types storing energy reserves, especially as lipids defending the body frominvasion by microorganisms |
|
what is the most abundant tissue in the body
|
CT
|
|
what type of tissue is never exposed to the outside environment
|
CT
|
|
fat, cartilage, bone, blood and tissues that are varied in function are examples of
|
CT
|
|
which tissue contains all of the functions of CT
|
nothing, though most CT have multiple function
|
|
basic components of CT
|
1. specialized cells
2. EC protein fibers 3. fluid known as the ground substance - the matrix that surrounds cells |
|
most of the volume of CT is comprised of ...
|
matrix - ground substance
|
|
what are the fiber types in CT
|
collagenous
reitcular elastic |
|
collagenous fibers of CT contain
|
collagen that's flexible that has lots of strength
long, straight, un-branched each fiber has 3 fibrous protein subunits that are wound together like a rope |
|
tendons are made up of waht type of CT
|
collagen
|
|
tendons connect what to what
|
muscle to bone
|
|
ligaments connect what to what
|
bone to boen
|
|
reticular fibers are common where
|
lymphatic glands
|
|
elastic fibers contain
|
elastin
thinner, wavy, branching, and more elastic than collagen after stretching up to 150% of their original length, they can recoil to their original length |
|
ground substance
|
clear, colorless, maple syrup consistency,
has glycosaminoglycan - hyaluronan |
|
fibroblast
|
most abundant fixed cell in CT proper
elgonate or stellate (star-shaped) are responsible for production and maintenance of CT fibers. Each fibroblast manufactures and secretes protein subunits that interact to form large EC fibers in addition to secreteing hyaluronan. |
|
macrophages
|
amoeboid cells,
|
|
CT cell types
|
fibroblast
macrophage WBC adipocytes mast cell mesenchymal tissue specific - osteocytes, chondrocytes |
|
mast cells
|
small CT cells clustered around blood vessels.
have secretory histamine granules. also produce heparin |
|
what CT cell type produces heparin
|
mast cells
|
|
mesenchymal cells
|
stem cells of CT that can produce daughter cells that are fibroblasts, macrophages, or other CT cells
|
|
loose CT consists of
|
adipose
reticular areolar |
|
dense / collagenous CT
|
regular
irregular |
|
are adipocytes capable of dividing
|
no, but mesenchymal cells can differentiate into additional adipocytes. adipocytes are not killed by weight reduction
|
|
what type of loose CT contains fibroblasts and macrophages
|
reticular CT
|
|
what organs contain reticular CT
|
liver
spleen lymph nodes bone marrow |
|
whats the least specialized CT
|
areolar
|
|
what is the function of areolar
|
separates skin from deeper structures
has ground substance cushions shocks distorted without damage, resilient has fcollagen fibers, with some elastic and reticular fibers. mast cells prsent fibroblsts predominate intercellular matrices |
|
intercellular matrices
|
major feature of the ct proper.
also called interstitial fluid when it accumulates as in inflammation its called edema |
|
tendon and ligaments are part of what type of CT proper
|
dense / collagenous
|
|
what is the least specialized of the loose connective tissue
|
areolar
separates skin from deeper structuers cushions shocks, distorted without damage |
|
what type of cells are predominant in areolar loose CT
|
fibroblasts
|
|
large amounts of densely packed, parallel collagen fibers that run parallel to the direction of force placed on the tissue. silvery whie, sometimes called white fibrous CT
|
dense regular / dense collagenous
|
|
examples of dense regular tissue
|
tendon
ligament aponeurosis elastic CT |
|
what is aponeurosis
|
collagen sheets/ribbons that resemble flat tendons
|
|
what tissue type is composed primarily of elastic fibers, irregularly arranged and have a yellow color
|
elastic connective tissue
|
|
what type of tissue is found in the walls of large arteries, portions of the trachea and bronchial tubes and underlies transitional epithelium
|
elastic connective tissue
|
|
what type of tissue is comprised of large amounts of densely packed, interwoven collagen fibers that provide tensile strength in any direction
|
dense IRREGULAR CT
|
|
where is dense irregular CT found
|
dermis, submucosa of GI tract, fibrous capsules of joints and organs
|
|
name the types of supporting CT
|
cartilage
bone |
|
what complex polysaccharides are contained in cartilage gel
|
chondroitin sulfate
|
|
what type of supporting CT consists of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) in a gel taht has chondroitin sulfate
|
cartilage
|
|
what types of cells live inside cartilage
|
chondrocytes
|
|
where do chondrocytes live
|
luacunae
|
|
what is the function of cartilage
|
produces a chemical that discourages blood vessel formation
|
|
name the types of cartilage
|
hyaline
fibrocartilage elastic cartilage |
|
what is the most common cartialge type and is characterized as closely packed but very fine collagen fibers
somewhat flexible weakest |
hyaline
|
|
examples of hyaline cartilage
|
connectoins between ribs and sternum, suporting cartilage along respiratory tract,
covering articular surfaces within synovial joints like knee of elbow. |
|
what type of cartilage is characterized by a matrix reinforced by numerous interwoven collagen fibers, found between vertebreae and in the menisci of the knees
|
fibrocartilage
|
|
what type of cartilage has lots of elastic fibers and is VERY flexible
|
elastic
|
|
where is elastic cartilage found
|
outer ear
larynx auditory canal |
|
whats the most rigid of all CT
|
bone
|
|
describe bone - metabolically, and components
|
rich vascular supply and active
1/3 of matrix is collagen fibers rest of matrix is due to Ca salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate --> hardness) |
|
name the fluid connective tissues
|
blood
lymph |
|
what type of fluid CT has cells / formed elements suspended in plasma
|
blood
|
|
what types of cells are found in blood
|
erythrocytes
leukocytes platelets |
|
what are platelets
|
cellular FRAGMENTS that assist in blood clotting
|
|
what type of fluid CT consists of matrix with lymphocytes
|
lymph
|
|
name the parts of integumentary system
|
skin
hair nails GLANDS |
|
what percent of your body weight is skin
|
7%
|
|
two week embryo develops the epidermis from what
|
the ectoderm
|
|
two week embryo develops the dermis from what
|
mesoderm
|
|
what are teh functions of teh skin
|
protectoin
temperature regulation excretion synthesis sensory communication |
|
protective functions of the skin
|
oily secretions (for acidic film to stop growth of microorganisms and waterproof skin)
physical barrier |
|
normal body temperature is maintained by
|
radiant heat loss from dilated blood vessels
evaporation/perspiration 100-150 mL / day for every 1 degree increase in body temperature retention of heat from constricted blood vessels (arrectores pilorum) where smooth muscle attached to hair follicles contract and cause goose bumps |
|
what does skin excrete
|
water, electrolytes, drugs, urea
|
|
UV light absorbed by skin is necessary for
|
synthesis fo vitamin D3 which helps to regulate calcium and phosphorum metabolism
|
|
skin communicates by
|
emotons - skin color
secretions from integumentary glands have odors - stim subconscious resonses from others |
|
epidermis
|
superficial protective layer of skin
|
|
five layers of skin deep to superficial
|
basale
spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum |
|
what skin layer of cells (single layer) is attached to the basal lamina
|
stratum basale
|
|
what are the four cell types found in teh stratum basale
|
keratinocytes
melanocytes tactile merkel cells langerhans cells |
|
waht is the function of keratinocytes
|
keratinproducing
keratin toughens and waterproofs the skin as cells are pushed superficially and nuclei degenerate, and teh keratin comopletely dominates the cell |
|
what is the function of melanocytes
|
synthesize melanin
protective barrier to UV radiation for the basal cells |
|
what does tanning do to the skin
|
stratum basale
UV expsure results in increased production of melanin within melanocytes |
|
what is albinism due to
|
due to inability to convert tyrosine to melanin
but have normal melanocytes |
|
what are freckles due to
|
aggregations of melanin
stratum basale |
|
what is seborrheic keratosis
|
liver spots
after age 50 brown plaque like growths on exposed skin |
|
what types of cells found in the stratum basale are sensory cells aidig in touch reception
|
tactile (merkel) cells
|
|
where do you find merkel cells and what do they do
|
in the stratum basale and aid in sensory touch reception
|
|
what are langerhans cells
|
protective macrophages that scavenge the deeper cells in the body
|
|
how many layers is the stratum basale
|
one layer thick
|
|
how many layers is the stratunm spinosum
|
several layers thick
|
|
stratum spinosum and basale together make
|
stratum germinativum
|
|
each time a stem cell in the stratum basale divides, a daughter cell is pushed into the next layer where it begins to differentiate into a
|
keratinocyte
|
|
keratinocytes are bound together by ____ in the stratum spinosum
|
desmosomes
|
|
what causes a callus
|
friction at the surface of the stratum spinosum - additional mitotic activity
|
|
what is going on in the stratum granulosum
|
cells making lots of keratohyalin and keratin
cells flatter and thinner, cell membranes become thicker nuclei and organelles disintegrate |
|
where do you find stratum lucidum
|
soles and palms
glassy |
|
what layer consists of 15-30 layers of flattened, dead, interlocking cells
|
stratum corneum
|
|
where do you cell cells making keratohyalin and keratin
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
which layer of skin contains large amounts of keratin that is keratinized / cornified
|
stratum corneum
|
|
where do you NOT see cornification
|
anterior surface of eyes
|
|
how much water is lost through the skin per day
|
500 ml or about 1pt of water t
|
|
how many days does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
|
14 days
plus 14 days for it to shed |
|
what type of tissue is the epidermis
...what about the dermis |
epidermis is epithelial
dermis is CT |
|
what are the integumentary effectors of the dermis
|
muscles/glands that respond to motor impulses from the nervous system
|
|
whats different about dermis and epidermis
|
dermis is vascularzed to help regulat ebody temperature and BP
contains sweat glands, oil secreting glands, nerve endings, hair follicles |
|
lines of tension are associated with what layer of the skin
|
dermis
|
|
what are lines of tension
|
elastic and collagen fibers that are arranged in patterns
decreasing elastic fibers associated with aging |
|
what are the layers of the dermis
|
papillary layer
reticular layer |
|
what is the papillary layer
|
loose CT
superficial layer in contact with the epidermis numerous projectoins (papillae) extend form the dermis into the epidermis |
|
what is the reticular layer
|
dense irregular CT, surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, glands
deeper and thicker than the papillary layer can be torn during pregnancy or obeses individuals - white line linea albicans |
|
whats the top layer of the dermis
|
papillary layer
|
|
what is linea albicans
|
torn reticular layer leavinga white mark
associated with obesity and pregnancy |
|
what is the hypodermis
|
not part of skin
it is subcutaneous tissue binds dermis to orgnas composed of areolar CT, adipose and blood vessels stores lipids, insulates, cushions, regulates temperature |
|
what are sudoriforous glands
|
sweat glands
-eccrine (merorine) -apocrine |
|
where do you see eccrine / merocrine glands
|
over skin, forehead, back, palms, soles,
|
|
whats the functno of merocrine glands
|
evaporative cooling
|
|
where do you find apocrine glands
|
axillary and pubic regions and secrete into hair follicles
sexual atrractant mammary gland is a modified sudoriforous gland |
|
what are sebaceous glands
|
oil glands that secrete sebum onto shaft of hair root
associated withhair follicles lubricates and waterproofs stratum corneum holocrine glands regulated by sex hormones and hyperactivity can result in acne |
|
ceruminous glands
|
in external auditory cana
secrete cerumen or earwax water and insect repellant keeps tympanic membrane pliable |
|
name the types of glands in the integument
|
sudoriforous
sebaceous ceruminous |
|
skin cancer types
|
melanoma
squamous basal cell |
|
melanoma
|
from melanocytes in skin
UV radiation causes epidermal cells to mutate and become cancerous |
|
squamous cell
|
from epidermal cells in skin
associated with sites of skin damage including UV light exposure |
|
basal cell
|
accounts for 75% of skin cancers
resembe the normal basal layer of the epidermis usually associated with skin damage |
|
axial skeleton
|
skull
bones of thorax vertebral column (sacrum and coccyx) |
|
appendicular skeleton
|
extremities
should pelvis girlde ilium and ischium |
|
at birth how many bones
|
270
|
|
how many bones by adulthood
|
206
|
|
functions of the skeletal system
|
support
protect hematopoiesis storage |
|
how many RBC produced every second
|
2.5 million
|
|
what type of bones function as levers
|
long
|
|
what type of bones transfer forces ofmovement
|
short bones
|
|
what bones provide a broad surface for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
|
flat bones
|
|
cranial bones are an example of what type of bone
|
flat
|
|
shoulder girdle bones are exmples of what type of bones
|
flat
|
|
name the types of bones
|
long
flat irregular sesamoid accessory sutral |
|
what are the bones of the skull face and vertebrae
|
irregular bones
|
|
name a sesamoid bone
|
patella
|
|
what are accessory bones
|
bones that are usually not present
usually short flat occur in hands and feet |
|
what are sutral bones
|
extra bones within the sutures of the skull
|
|
whats the diaphysis
|
shaft of long bone, the cylinder of compact bone surround a central cavity
shaft normally applies forcees from one epiphysis to the other and nis very stron gwhen stressed along that axis tangential stress likely to fracture |
|
the ends of long bone that has spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
|
epiphysis
|
|
compact bone is
|
hard dense and is the protective exterior poriton of all bones
|
|
spongy bone is
|
cancellous bone, deep to compact bone, porous, forms open network of struts and branching plates (trabeculae) whihc are oriented along stress lines, but with extensive cross bracing
|
|
metaphysis
|
aka epiphysial end plate
narrow zone where diaphysis joins the epiphysis where long bone gets longer |
|
what cavity contains red or yellow marrow
|
medullary cavity
|
|
yellow marrow has
|
fat, found in medullary caivty
|
|
red marrow is important for
|
hemopoieseis, mostly axial bone, some appendicular
vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, proximal limb bones |
|
where do you find hemopoiesis
|
vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, proximal limb bones
|
|
what do you call the lining of the medullary cavity that is a thin layer of CT
|
endosteum
|
|
whats teh outer surface covering the bone except over articular cartilage; consists of a layer of dense regular CT with an inner cellular layer
|
periosteum
|
|
what is articular cartilage
|
thin layer of hyaline cartilage that caps long bone epiphyses, and facilitates joint movement
|
|
what is compact bone made of
|
concentric lamellae and interstitial lamellae
haversian canals volkmanns canals lacunae |
|
what are concentric lamellae
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aka osteons
concentric circular rings around the central canal collagen fibers spiral around the lamella, variaitons in direction of spiraling - strengthen the osteon |
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what are interstitial lamellae
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fillin teh spaces between the osteon in compact bone
may have been produced during the growth of the bone or represent remnants of osteons |
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central canal / haversian canals
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runs length of bone
normal stresses of forece |
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volkmanns canal
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aka perforating canal
perpendicular to surfae of boen and osteons connect osteon vessels and nerves to larger trunks |
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lacunae
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cavities occupied by osteocytes
arranged between the lamellae |
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canaliculi
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little channels which radiate through the matrix of the lacuna
contain osteocytes cytoplasmic processes and allow diffusion of nutrients and waste through ground substance or intercxellular gap junctions |
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intramembranous (dermal ossificaton) - in the fetus, bone devel from ____
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mesenchyme / fibrous CT
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how do the roof bone of the skull, mandible, clavicle and patella form
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intramembranous ossificatoin
bone developes from fibrous CT / mesenchyme |
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two major pathways which osseous tissue is formed during embryonic development
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intramembranous dermal ossification
endochondrial ossification |
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intramembranous (dermal ossification)
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in fetus, bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous CT
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name bones that develop from intramembranous ossification
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skull
mandible clavicle patella |
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steps of intramembranous ossification
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mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts (cluster and secrete organic components of the matrix)
collagen and osteoid then become mineralized (ossificatoin centers) spicules grow outward from ossificatoin centers (osteoblasts become entrapped in the expnding bone, but mesenchymal cells continue to differntiate ading new osteoblasts). blood vessels branch within the region. bone --> spongy bone. remodeling around the trapped bone vessels can produce compact bone. |
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ossification center
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collagen and osteoid becoming mineralized in the first step of intramembranous ossification
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what type of bone do you see endochondral ossificatoin
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long bones - limb bone development
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which type of fetal bone development do we see the hyaline cartilage model
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endochrondral ossification
1. cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near center of the shaft enlarge and matrix calcifies. chondrocytes die 2. perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model is going to become periosteoum and produce cells tha tdifferentiate into osteoblasts. perichondrium is now periosteum and inner layer (osteogenic layer) produces a thin layer of bone around the shaft of the cartilage (bone collar). 3. blood to the periosteum increases, and osteoblasts migrate into the cartilage and invade the spaces left by the chondrocytes. calcified cartilaginous matrix breaks down and the osteoblasts replace it with spongy bone. bone development proceeds from the primary ossification center tin the shaft towards both ends o f the cartilage model 5. as diamter of the diaphysis enlarges, osteoclasts erode the center and create a marrow cavity. further growht involves increaese in length and increase in diameter. 6. at ends of bone, cartil;age replaced by bone at teh metaphysis. on shaft side, osteoblasts continually invading the cartilage and replacing it with bone. on the epeiphyseal side, new cartilage is produced at the same rate. 7. around birth, somne of the spiphyseal cartilages calcify, creating secondary ossificatoin centers. the cartilage at the metaphysis is called the epiphyseal plate. |
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epiphyseal plate contains five zones
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resrve zone
proliferation zone hypertrohic zone resorption zone ossification zone |
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reserve zone
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part of epiphyseal polate
smll chondrocytes irregularly dispersed |
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proliferation zone
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part of epiphyseal plate (endochondral ossification)
larger regularly arranged chondrocytes |
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hypertrophic zone
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part of epiphyseal plate
(endochondral ossification) long bone large chondrocytes arranged in columns where the growth of long bones actually occurs |
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resorption zone
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part of epiphyseal plate
endochondral ossification where the mineral content change occurs |
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ossificatoin zone
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part of epiphyseal plate
endochondral ossificaiton region of transformation of cartilage to bone |
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pseudostratified cells are...
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single layer thick but look stratified.
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tendons are made entirely of what type of connective tissue
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collagenous
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what type of connective tissue makes up lymphatic glands
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reticular connective tissue fibers
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thickened condensations of mesenchyme is associated with what type of ossification / osteogenesis?
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intramembranous
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a hyaline cartilage model of bone is associated with what type of ossification / osteogenesis?
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endochondral ossification
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where does the primary ossification center form during endochondral ossification
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diaphysis
bone begins replacing cartilage |
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where do secondary ossificaton centers form during endochondral ossification
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epiphyses
bone begins replacing calcified cartilage not all secondary ossificatoin centers form during birth - some form after birth |
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medullary cavity begins forming during endochondral ossification simultaneous to what ossifcation center formation
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secondary ossification center
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