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17 Cards in this Set

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What are the 4 stages of anesthesia
Stage I - voluntary movement
Stage 2 - Involuntary movement/delirium
Stage III - Surgical anesthesia
Plane 1, Plane 2, Plane 3
Stage IV - Medullary death
Why are injectable agents used
rapidly depress CNS
Bypass/limit time spent during stage II - excitement (physically and emotionally unpleasant, dangerous)
What are the injectible induction agents we talk about
Barbiturates - Thiopental
Propofol
Dissociative anesthetics - Ketamine/tiletamine
Etomidate
How are barbiturates classified
Duration of action (long, intermediate, short, ultrashort)
Chemical structure
What causes an increase lipid solubility
Substitution of sulfur for oxygen
(Thiobarbiturates vs oxybarbiturates)
What happens when a drug has increased solubility
Decreased duration of action (shorter acting) - increased metabolic degradation
Increased hypnotic potency
Side 2: How should barbiturates be administered
Side 3: Why
IV
Perivascular skin sloughing
What are some chemical properties of barbiturates
ACIDS
prepared as salts that are basic
pH of thiopental is >10
Side 2: What CNS effects do barbiturates have
Side 3: How do they accomplish this
Potentiating inhibitory effects and inhibiting excitatory effects
Increase GABA binding (main inhibitory NT)
Block glutamate binding (main excitatory NT)
Side 2: What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter
Side 3: What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA
Glutamate
What are some CNS effects of barbiturates
Depress the RAS - calm and decreased motor activity
Anticonvulsant
What can cause a patient to wake up when using barbiturates
Redistribution into fat and muscle
Why are barbiturates considered 'cerebral friendly'
Quiet the electroencephalogram (EEG)
Decrease cerebral metabolic demands (02, glucose)
Decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF)
Lower intra-cranial pressure (ICP)
Side 2: What CV effects do barbiturates have in healthy dogs
Side 3: Compromised dogs
Decrease cardiac contractility
Increase HR and systemic vascular resistance
Increased CV depression
What effect can barbiturates have on heart rhythm
Bigeminy
What respiratory effects do barbiturates have
Respiratory depression and/or apnea
Laryngospasm
Side 2: Why type of drug is 'available'
Side 3: What increases availability of a drug
Unbound, unionized form
Acidosis/hypoproteinemia