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53 Cards in this Set

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Who divided Oceania into the groups Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia?
Dumont D'Urville
Who divided Oceania into Near Oceania and Remote/Far Oceania?
Roger Green
When was remote/far oceania settled?
1500BC - AD 1000
Who was the first archaeologist to appreciate stratigraphy?
von Haast
What was Thor Heyerdahl's theory on the settlement of Oceania and what did he do in support of it?
It was settled from the America's, and he successfully launched the 'Kon Tiki' expedition to show that travel from the America's was possible
Who first identified Lapita pottery?
Gifford
Why is NZ unusual as a polynesian island?
Continental in origin, temperate , marked difference in seasons, large archipelago but settled late by well-dispersed population, relatively poor forest in terms of natural crops, large easily caught meat sources, horticulture difficult/impossible in many areas etc
What are autochthonous paleolithic moa hunters?
indigenous, moa hunters using a large and important range of stone tools.
Who founded the NZ myth?
Elsdon Best and S Percy Smith
Who identified early NZ settlers with archaic eastern polynesian artefact assemblage?
Golson and Green
What did Davidson think?
Colonisation was planned and NZ settled no earlier than AD 800 - 1100.
What were the characteristics of Sutton's 'long' chronology?
Earliest colonisation period (AD 0 - 500) left an environmental trace, but is otherwise archaeologically invisible.
What did Holdaway base his theories of 'long' chronology on?
Rat bones dated to 2000 years ago and species losses.
What did Anderson do in relation to his 'short' chronology?
Culled NZ radiocarbon dates = colonisation around 12th century AD - NZ effectively sealed prior to that date.
Which parts of the tree are used in dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating?
short-lived species, bark and new wood, twigs.
What is the problem with dating long surviving wood?
'In-built' age. Such as in driftwood or heartwood.
What must be allowed for when dating shellfish and some bone?
The reservoir effect.
What is the study of pollen and spores called?
Palynology.
What is seral vegetation?
The first plant stage in succession. ie. grass, bracken fern (pteridium esculentum).
What kind of seeds were dated which gave a good settlement estimate and disputed Holdaway's findings?
Rat-gnawed seeds, dated to no earlier than 13th century AD.
What are some possible reasons for the settlement of NZ?
Polynesian island politics, natural human tendancy to migrate which is a long term human population phenomenon.
Who developed the windward/leeward theory?
Anderson
Who identified the 7 NZ cultural areas?
Skinner
Who divided NZ into the 3 geographical divisions?
Cumberland
Who came up with Foraging Theory?
Allen and Nagaoka
What was the advantage of coastal/marine finfish fishing in NZ as opposed to in Polynesia?
high biomass, low biodiversity.
Which fish were caught in the North and South with lures?
Kahawai in North, Barracouta in South.
Which fish were caught in the North, Central and South of NZ?
Snapper in the North, Red cod in the South, a mixture in central NZ.
What does Ian Barber suggest promoted the change from snapper to barracouta and red cod in the tasman bay/nelson region?
Rahui influenced switch to more reliable, fast growing species. Possibly climate change as snapper are on the margin in Nelson region.
What was the general trend in shellfish collection over time in NZ and why?
Initial focus on hardshore species, changing to softshore over time. Possibly due to ease of collection and reliability.
What were the most common size of Moa found in the archaeological record?
Medium sized (Moa range from 25kg to 250kg in weight)
How were Moa hunted?
Non-specialised, stalking and ambush when found, possible use of snares, possible use of robust South Island dog.
What kind of birds did Maori often hunt?
Shags, Petrels, Ducks, Albatross, Penguins.
What was one bird that actually increased in numbers and why?
NZ Quail, forest clearance resulted in open grass/scrubland - good habitat for quail.
Why were dogs different in terms of subsistence?
They are raised at a cost, unless actually feral.
Which part of the NZ cabbage tree (Cordyline australis) was eaten and how was it cooked?
The sweet roots were eaten, they were cooked in umu ti.
What was the general pattern of subsistence of Maori in NZ and what did it change to and why?
Began with Moa and Seal which were easy to catch and plentiful, as they declined, Maori moved onto more reliable, fast growing resources.
What were some advantages of kumara over other polynesian crops?
short growing season ie. 5 - 6 months. could be grown as far south as banks peninsula according to published evidence.
What was one NZ innovation regarding kumara growing?
The development of kumara storage pits, because kumara couldn't be grown continuously.
What are the 3 kinds of kumara pits in NZ?
Rua - bell-shaped or cave-like, door

Bin - small, square or rectangular

Rectangular (including raised-rim)
What were some stone and earth structures relating to Maori gardening and what were their possible purposes?
Alignments, stone heaps, stone and earth mounds, terraces.

Possibly used for boundaries, accumulated during the clearing of land. Some structural features may have acted as planting beds and as mulch
What were the quarries called that Maori obtained gravel/sand from for gardening?
borrow pits
What were ditches important for in gardening?
Drainage and irrigation for kumara and yam.

Irrigation for Taro.
What kind of resource was found at Tahanga
Volcanic Basalt.
What did Maori use wood for?
Waka, Whare and gardening implements.
What were some major differences between the Archaic period and the Classic period?
One piece fishhooks -> two piece fishhooks.

The emergence of Pa

The absence of tanged adzes.

Tool recycling.

Lack of quality stone for working.

Artefact rich -> monumental
What are Pa for, what do they mean?
Many have aspects of defense, but not all. Symbols of power, wealth and control over the landscape. Kumara pit protection. Ritual or ceremonial significance. May be similar to a marae.
What were the settlement patterns of the southern Maori of the Otago region?
Self-sufficient but mobile, increasingly mobile over time. Moving around depending on the state of the resource they are using. artifact rich with burials early on. population may be declining later on.
What were some important changes that occurred in Palliser Bay?
fishing/gathering supplemented by gardening -> garden abandonment

settled -> mobile

economic unit = community -> economic unit = household

overall deterioration of environment and semi-abandonment.

The society seems to have gotten less complex but more advanced socially. Possible move from egalitarian to hierarchy.
What have most Pa traditionally been seen as?
Artefacts
What makes Pa so special in NZ?
The speed at which they appeared, the fact that they are found nowhere in polynesia and the sheer number of them.
What did the typology of Pa developed by Marshall involve?
A ranking of Pa from small to exceptional based on size in metres squared and location etc.
What conclusions can be drawn from work on Pa in relation to warfare and settlement distribution?
No evidence of ongoing large scale warfare. socially and spatially flexible. The function of Pa changes over time and they are not defended all of the time. Some Pa were simply too large, there was no actual attack force that could hope to overcome such large Pa, if they were purely for defense/warfare, the biggest of these Pa would be a bit overdone.