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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During gestation, human mothers must put a lot of energy toward _____ & ______.
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Brain and body development
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Direction human children are born?
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Backwards
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Why have there been extreme changes in the human birth canal?
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Bipedality
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Infants (Human vs. Non-human Primates)
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Altricial infants vs. More precocious infants
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Provisioning (Human vs. Non-human Primates)
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Rely on parents for food vs. Learn to forage for food
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Learning (Human vs. Non-human Primates)
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Active teaching vs. Learning through observation
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Parental Investment (Human vs. Non-human Primates)
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Both parents actively invest time vs. Mothers are the main investors
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Bowlby's Attachment Theory (about Mother-Infant Bond)
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Babies engage actively in behaviors to create/maintain bond with mother in order to insure protection/security.
Mother's response=not innate. Can take a few weeks/months. Contingent on numerous factors. |
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Strange Situations Test/Wire "Moms" Experiment
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Shows that the mother-relationship is very important to infants.
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Mother-Offspring Conflict
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Infants want to be nursed longer, mothers want to wean off so that they can have more offspring later.
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Infants related to self by __ and mothers by __
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1.0 and .5
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Can others help investing in offspring? How does this affect the mother?
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Yes, mother can have more offspring sooner.
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Direct Fitness
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The number of offspring an individual produces.
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Indirect Fitness
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The proportion of an individuals genes passed on by their siblings
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Total Fitness
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Direct Fitness + Indirect Fitness
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Kin Selection and Hamiton’s Rule
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Individuals are more likely to assist closely related kin so long as the benefits outweigh the costs, relative to how closely kin is related
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Theory of Mind
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the idea that individuals have a sense
1. Of themselves and 2. Of others’ intentions |
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Debate on whether or not chimps have a theory of mind
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Chimps work in groups towards a common goal
Give hand signals to blindfolded people Infants recognize different preferences Gorillas can decieve intentionally -- Koko |
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Sign usage
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Apes are capable of using signs taught to them by humans
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Spontaneous use of signs
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Koko combines signs to talk about new objects
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Kin recognition
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Cognitive mechanisms that enable us to determine whether or not someone is kin.
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Who knows who the offspring are?
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Mothers, not fathers
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Selection should favor mechanisms by which infants look like who? Why?
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Fathers. To enhance paternal investment.
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Who is more sexually aggressive gender-wise? Age-wise? Group-wise?
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Males. Young males. Clear within cultures.
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Hobbes' Idea of Human Nature
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Humans are innately selfish. Social order requires authority. Life is "nasty, brutish, short"
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Rousseau's Idea of Human Nature
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Humans are innately gentle. At base, peaceful. "Noble savage"
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Two types of aggression
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Within-Group
Between-Group |
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Summer camp study
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24 boys split into groups, formed coalition to groups... group competition... study could not continue
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Imbalance of Power Effect
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Dangerous to be alone-if rivals can kill.
In humans/non... More balanced power reduces aggression. |
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Bonobo Puzzle
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same genetic distance as humans are to chimps
much less violent than chimps or humans |
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Cellular Level of Human Brain
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Nerve-bundle of neurons
Neuron-impulse transmission --Sensory and motor |
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Intercellular Communication
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-Neurons communicate across synapses
-Electrical signal changes to chemical signal |
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Synapse
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•Transmitting cell releases neurotransmitter molecules
•Molecules bind to adjacent neuron •Chemical signal re-converted to electrical signal |
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Serotonin
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-Neurotransmitter implicated in control of aggression
-Released to synapse when recieving a nerve impulse |
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Serotonin Hypothesis
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Low --> Impulsiveness --> Innapropriate/Excessive Agression
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Central sulcus
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separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
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Sylvan fissure
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Also called lateral sulcus. Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal.
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Occipital Lobe
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Vision
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Temporal Lobe
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Sound
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Temporal Lobe
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Olfaction
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Post-central Gyrus-Parietal lobe
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Sensation
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Pre-central Gyrus-Frontal lobe
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Motor
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Wernicke's Area
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Temporal/Parietal Lobes
-Recognition of language |
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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damage impairs ability to distinguish sounds and determine sound sequence/speech
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Broca's Aphasia
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distorted, labored speech, rich in content words, few function words, and grammatical markers; damage to Frontal/Temporal lobes; difficulty producing sound sequence
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Mutualism
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Immediate benefits for both participants
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Zero-Sum Mutualism
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Winners and losers. Winning comes at the expense of others.
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Non-Zero-Sum Mutualism
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No losers
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By-product Mutualism
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Mutualism as a by-product of one's selfish behavior
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Example of by-product mutualism
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meerkat. high mortality from predation-- take turns.
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True cooperation
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Immediate benefits for only one participant
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Altruism
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Behavior that has significant benefits to the to recipient/cost to the actor.
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Reciprocal altruism
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Altruism between non-kin evolves if balanced between partners
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Explanations of altruism
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Answer 1: to maximize genetic fitness
Answer 2: to initiate reciprocity |
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Reciprocal altruism can evolve if
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-individuals have the oppurtunity to interact often
-individuals provide support only to those who help them -individuals have the ability to keep track of support given and received |
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Prisoner's dilemma outcomes
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-one round, temptation to turn the other in
-multiple, benefits from cooperation |
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Fruit and meat eaters usually have:
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-better memory, learning, planning
-mental maps of distributions -strategies for finding unpredictable foods |
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behavioral flexibility
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-problem solving
-tool use |
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Examples of tool use
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-chimps fishing, cracking nuts
-not all crack nuts -behavioral traits are cultural |
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brain size and intelligence
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-between species, roughly correlated
-within species, not correlated |
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brain size & group size in primates
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direct correlation
(ie humans.. biggest) exception: orangutan |
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self-awareness
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self-identity, knowing what one looks like, how one should look
-only chimps and humans have self-awareness |
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macaques and chimps in mirrror
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macaque never recognized itself
chimp gradually realizes |
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food sharing
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hallmark of human societies
chimps also share |
