Anthropology Test study guide

categorized people according to certain attributes based on European standards

an upward evolution from barbarism at the bottom to civilization at the top.

Europe :)

People living in Australia.

1. colonial explorers and missionaries.
2. 19th century
3. 20th century

armchair anthropologists and authors.

fieldwork, report 1st hand on what they were doing.

interested in the whole human condition: past, present and future.

new humans adapt to the world, unique to humans.

that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

we were thought everything we know.

the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted through generations.
humiliation

Shared patterns of learned behavior.
as bounded object
fuzzy boundaries

the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards

good aspects, extreme aspects

the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect in their own terms.

good aspects and extreme aspects.

creation stories
scientific revolution

linnaeus
taxonomy-science of classification
species, genus,etc
homosapiens!

capable of interbreeding and having viable offspring.

group of like species.

idea that catastrophies cause extinction.

earth was changing gradually and over a million years old.

plants and animals change through time
Darwin and Wallace

Mendell

natural variation in traits and nature selects those traits to make animal and plant species better to the environment to survive and reproduce.

evolution vs. big bang

creation science and intelligent design

evolution is just a theory

inherited from parents

units of heredity

genetic material

23 in humans

alternate form of a single gene

cell division produces new daughter cells just like parent cells

cell division producing sex cells. unique.

genes seperate in meiosis and retain seperate identities across generations

genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another.

genetic instructions

what you can see

2 or more genes cntrol the trait, environment influenced

what they actually are

infinite amount

male or female

within a species, group of similar individuals that interbreed

all genes present in population

chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation

random flaxuatoins of allele frequencies in the gene pool of population

new alleles enter the gene pool at one population, come from other population

adapt and reproduce

new adaptations are established

tries to bring equilibrium to the population

math equation to determine if something is evolution

change on large scale, new organisms

change in genotype, tiny changes

species gradually adapts to its environment

species can evolve rapidly due to environmental change.

NO!

mammalia

primates

prosimi and anthropoidea

strebsinini(noses) and haplorhini(simple nose) monkeys apes and humans

flat nose(new world monkeys, same length arms and lengths, long tails)

downward nose
monkeys apes and humans
longer legs and shorter arms
no tails
rough buttock patches=old world monkeys

terrestrial primates have groups based on femals, males move out after puberty

99%

grasping hands and feet
opposable thumbs
smell to sight
-binocular vision
-stereoscopic vision *depth and color vision
nose to hand

big, complex, enlarged cerabral hemisphere(thought and association)
for better vision, hunting, eating, hands evolving, physical changes, politics

teeth=different numbers
learn behavior

we have no teeth
forarm magnum
clavical=bones
scapula=broad shoulders and muscle attachments
thumb
big toe

climbed

reproduction and care of young
mother infant bond
greater intelligence

african apes are closest to us.
hominids
hominus

lumurs and lorises
night active, not compete
alone on island 33 species
smelling first, cat snout, moist nose, whiskers, eyes further apart

monkeys, apes and humans
haplorhines, tarsiers,

rough bootay!
ground to tree tops

gibbons(smaller) and siamangs
smallest apes
forests in asia
3 feet 25 pounds
suspenders
never walk on all 4s!
eat fruit insects and small animals
pretty succesfull

orangutan
indonesia
marked sexual dimorphism
suspend
males can grow up to 200 pounds
fruit insects and leaves
females and offspring only come back to mate

40 thousand of them
mostly in east africa
lots of hair, forest
sleep intrees in nest
knuckle walkers
eat tough food and chew all day long
400 pounds six feet tall
females 1/2 size
live males females and offspring
silver hair=main monkey=maturity

oldest layer is at the bottom

finding everything on surface and collecting it

system of ropes that subdivides area

the point that will help others find the site.

screens, floatation samples, notes pictures and videos

process of fossilization and context

compare to something that was already dates?

collection made up of one common characteristic.

stratigraphy? top=youngest
seration- common sense, they look alike=same time

absolute range
radiocarbon=used to date organic materials
potassium-argon=rocks and minerals

females rule
male status depends on mother who they stay bonded to their whole life
very sexual
not incestrious
females and males are together
solve problems with sex

live in forests
tropical africa
all in danger
knuckle walking
chimps spend time in trees
less sexually dimorphic
eat everything
males stay together
females move to new group

reconstruct, describe, and interpret the past through material remains

material, items that humans have made or modified: tools, weapons, camp sites, pottery, buildings, fire pits, and garbage dumps

pottery
estimate populations
trade networks
connections

interrelations of people and the past environment
settlement types, sizes, and what those mean

for the past and temporary groups

landfills
the difference between people say they do and what they actually do

remains, traces, impressions of ancient life

holistic picture, learn as much about the site

most productive area to show our ancestors

soil marks
where?
how big?
how old?
how they're linked to each other?
midden-trash sites

non portable artifact

diging through successive layers of deposits!