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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA and RNA are polymers of what?
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nucleotides
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consists of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate
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nucleotide
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involves separating the DNA molecule into two strands, each of which serces as a template to assemble a new, complementary strand
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DNA replication
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the process which creates a new strand of DNA to match the other half of the DNA
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semiconservative replication
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unwinds the DNA helix, forming a Y-shaped replication fork
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enzyme helicase
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attach to each strand of the uncoiled DNA to keep them separate
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strand binding proteins
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break and join the double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots
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topoisomerases
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initiates the DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences with short segments of RNA nucleotides
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primase
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attaches to the RNA primers and begin elongation
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DNA polymerase
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the adding of DNA nucleotides to the complementary strand
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elongation
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What are the steps of DNA replication?
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-helicase produces replication fork, single-strand binding proteins and topoisomerase check strands for problems
-primase starts replication -DNA polymerase starts elongation -creation of leading complementary strand -lagging complementary strand is made by Okazaki fragments -joined by DNA ligase -RNA primers are replaced by DNA nucleotides |
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Energy for elongation is provided by what?
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two additional phosphates that are attached to each new nucleotide
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attaches to the end of the template strand and extends the template strand by adding a short sequence of DNA nucleotides over and over again
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telomerase
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the gene was defined as the segment of DNA that codes for a particular enzyme
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one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis
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since many genes code for polypeptides that are not enzymes, the gene has been redefined as the DNA segment that codes for a particular polypeptide
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one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis
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the process that describes how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA
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protein synthesis
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What are the three steps of protein synthesis?
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transcription, RNA processing, and translation
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is a single strand of RNA that provides the template used for sequencing amino acids into a polypeptide
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Messenger RNA
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a triplet group of three adjacent nucleotides on the mRNA
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codon
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How many codons are there?
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64
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is a short RNA molecule that is used for transporting amino acids to their proper place on the mRNA template
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transfer RNA
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___ of the tRNA base pairs with the codon of the mRNA
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anticodon
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molecules are building blocks of ribosomes
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ribosomal RNA
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Know the chart for genetic code
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Make sure you look over any pictures or diagrams
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What are the three steps of transcription?
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initiation
elongation termination |
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attaches to a promoter region on the DNA and begins to unzip the DNA into two strands
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initiation
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occurs as the RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides using one strand of the DNA as a template
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elongation
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occurs when the RNA polymerase reaches a special sequence of nucleotides that serve as a termination point
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termination
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Review mRNA processing
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:D
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What happens right after transcription?
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the mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal subunits are transported across the nuclear envelope and into the cytoplasm
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in the cytoplasm, amino acids attach to the 3' end of the tRNA, forming
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aminoactyl-tRNA
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What are the three steps to translation?
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initiation
elongation termination |
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Review the steps for translation
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:D
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is any sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that does not exactly match the original DNA molecule from which it was copied
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mutation
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is a single nucleotide error
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point mutation
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What are four types of point mutation?
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substitution
deletion insertion frameshift |
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occurs when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide
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substitution
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occurs when a nucleotide is ommitted from the nucleotide sequence
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deletion
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occurs when a nucleotide is added to the nucleotide sequence
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insertion
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occurs as a result of nucleotide deletion or insertion. this mutation cause all subsequent nucleotides to shift over one
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frameshift
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What are the three reactions in the DNA to a mutation?
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silent mutation
missense mutation nonsense mutation |
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occurs when the new codon still codes for the same amino acid
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silent mutation
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occurs when the new codon codes for a new amino acid
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missense mutation
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effect can be minor or it affects the production of a protein so it can't fold
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missense mutation
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occurs when the new codon codes for a stop codon
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nonsense mutation
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How can mutations occur?
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replication error, environmental effects, or reactive chemicals
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radiation or chemicals that cause mutations
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mutagens
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mutagens that activate uncontrolled cell growth
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carcinogens
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What are three ways to fix replication errors?
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proofreading
mismatch repair excision repair |
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DNA coiled around bundles of eight or nine histone proteins to form DNA-histone complexes called
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nucleosomes
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What are two types of chromatins available when a cell is not dividing?
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euchromatin
heterochromatin |
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describes regions where the DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes
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euchromatin
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represents areas where the nucleosomes are more tightly compacted and where DNA is inactive
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heterochromatin
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viruses that attack only bacteria
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bacteriophage
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What are parts of a virus?
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nucleic acid
capsid envelope |
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What are two cycles that replicate viruses?
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lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle |
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Describe the lytic cycle
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Virus invades the host cell, makes host create more viruses that erupt from the host cell. The new viruses then attack other cells in the same way
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are ssRNA viruses that use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA complement of their RNA
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retroviruses
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Name an example of a retrovirus
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HIV
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Describe the lysogenic cycle
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A virus' DNA is incorporated into a host cell where it remains inactive until something triggers it. It then begins the lytic cycle
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the chromosome replicates and the cell divides into two cells, each bearing one chromosome
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binary fission
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short, circular DNA molecules outside the chromosome that carry genes that are beneficial but not normally essential to the survival of a bacterium
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plasmid
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is the process of DNA exchange between bacteria. The donor bacteria creates a tube
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conjugation
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occurs when new DNA is introduced into the genome of the bacterium by a virus
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transduction
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occurs when bacteria absorb DNA from their surroundings and incorporate it into their genome
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transformation
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contains DNA segments or genes from different sources
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Recombinant DNA
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Review the recombinant DNA section
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Cause you were too lazy to put it here
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