A&P Ch 3-5

Subcutanius layer by the adipose tissue

Men have less subcutaneous fat than women

stratified squamous epithelium

It is a water repellant

Especially toughened area of skin that has become thick and hard.

Located in the stratum basale of the skins epidermis, these cells produce melanin

To protect from UV light

Also provides pigment

Skin, hair

To sense touch

Papilary region and a deeper thicker reticular region

superficial to deep:

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (not present in thin skin, only thick, hairless skin of palms & soles)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (also called "stratum basale")
It is the deepest layer of the skin specifically the epidermis. the anatomical structure of it is composed of a single row of cuboidal of columnar keratinocytes.

extensions of the dermis into the epidermis. Finger prints.

Dense irregular

Carotene= Oranges
Melanin= Black
Hemoglobin= red

Concentrated melanin, or carotene

Appocrine, eccrine, ceruminous

Cerminous glands

Mammary Glands

Sebum, oil

Flat or round hair shaft

It pulls the hair shaft

Alopecia or hair loss is the loss of hair on the body.

Alopecia is related to a medical condition and is unintentional. Baldness can be intentional or possibly male pattern.

Melanin and keratin act to filter uv rays and keep water in and out of the body.

Sweat, evaporation, blood vessles dialate and constrict.

Is it light, dark? Wrinkly dry?

UV light is needed to give vitamin d, it is processed in the skin. Then is able to be put into our bones and blood. We cannot absorb calcium without vitamin D.

Most common form of sckin cancer. DOesn't spread. Occur on sun exposed parts of the body.

Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium.

Causes the majority of skin cancer related death.Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye

Asymmetrical skin lesion.
Border of the lesion is irregular.
Color: melanomas usually have multiple colors.
Diameter: moles greater than 5 mm are more likely to be melanomas than smaller moles.
Evolution: The evolution (ie change) of a mole or lesion may be a hint that the lesion is becoming malignant --or-- Elevation: The mole is raised or elevated above the skin.

1st= redness, white plaque
2nd=clear fluid fills
3rd= epidermus is burned away

hair that grows on the body in an attempt to insulate the skin because of lack of fat.

A group of similar cells working together to perform a function.

The study of tissues

Covers body's surface. Protects. Keeps water in and out.

Polarity refers to the dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule.

Basal= Bottom
Apical= Top
Lateral= Sides

Layer of extracellular matrix which the epithelium sits and wihch is secreted by the epithelial cells.

To increase absorption, surface area

Movement of secretions

Structure that supports the overlying epithelial or endothelial cells.

Blood flows around it, but not to it. Cartilage.

fast to reproduce itself.

endocrine and ductless

Simple, Compound, Tubular, Acinar?

Seccretes with exocytosis

Cell ruptures to secrete

Part of cell breaks off to secrete

Bind, body framework, organ support, fat storage, disease prevention

Ground substance cells are surrounded with

No, just fluid (plasma), Bone (hydroxy), Cartilage (colligen)

Protien and polysaccarides

Fibroblast and macrophage

fibroblasts- Make fibers
Chondroblasts- Forms chondrocytes commonly known as cartilage cells
Osteoblasts- cell responsible for bone formation
Hematopoietic stem cells- (HSCs) are stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types

embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arrise

Skin

Goblets

Heart, lungs, sliding areas, like between two bones.

Communication, neurons to support cells.

Contraction

Elongated muscle cell

Contraction

Intercalated disk

Skeletal

Cardiac

Cells are flat, tightly packed.

Epithelium

Epithelium

Male ureter

pockets which cells live in.

cell

extracellular fluid called interstitial fliid is the nutritious soup that cells bathe in. Intracellular fluid is called cytosol and is located inside the cell.

Plasma membrane provides a means of controlled exchange with the outside and inside enviroment. It is semipermiable, selectively permiable as well.

the protiens float in a mosiac pattern of this plasma membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Phospholipids line up with their tails facing each other causing the name for 2 layers... bilayer.

Glyco lipids are sugar and fat, they are specialized ways for cells to identify each other. tails are non polar.

Transport

Losely attached to the integral protiens. Peripheral proteins include a network of filiments that help support the membrane from its sytoplasmic side. Some are enzymes others are involved in mechanical functions such as changing cell shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction or linking cells toether.

“sugar covering” is used to describe the fuzzy sticky carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface. Enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins.

fluid in the cell

Some things may cross the membrane while others are not allowed to pass.

Fluid in the cell surrounding the organelles.

Little organs inside of a cell

Maintains the shape of the cell and anchors and moves some organelles

Centrosome contain a pair of centrioles which are rod shaped and distribute the chromosomes during cell division.

Short hair like projections on a cell membrane that move substances alonge the cell surface.

Long thread like projections that whip the cell into motion. Sperm

Protien synthesis.

Transport path. Protien, lipiod and detox.

makes lipids steroids and detoxifies drugs.

Has ribosomes attached that make protiens.

Packaging and shipping protiens for export to the plasma membrane.

Enzyme store. Autolysis of cells occurs after death.

Oxidize amino acids, fatty acids and toxic chemicals.

Powerhouse of the cell, produces atp.

COntrol center of cell.

house of rna that makes ribosomes. Inside the nucleus.

use atp to go from low concentration to high.

osmosis and diffusion going from high to low concentrations. No atp needed

requires no assistance

carried across

Low concentration outside the cell.

High concentration outside the cell that solution is hypertonic

concentration inside and outside the cell are equal.

ingestion of cell products

excretion of cell products

ingestion of liquids

ingestion of solids

Voltage across the membrane

During G1, cells grow rapidly and carry out their routine functions.
The S phase is the period of DNA synthesis.
In G2, materials needed for cell division are synthesized and growth continues.
M phase (cell division), mitosis and cytokinesis occur, producing two daughter cells. Important checkpoints at which mitosis may be prevented from occurring are found throughout interphase; two are shown on the diagram.

stage 1 of mitosis chromatin shortens to form chromosome, microtubules form mitotic spindles.

nuclear membrane dissapears chromosomes allign in the center of the cell.

centromere splits apart to separate the two chromatid par into 2 chromasomes.

reverse of prophase. nuclear membran e forms areound chromaosomes and nuclei appear

cell splitting

is the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes

organized structures of dna and protiens found in cells

Short molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosomes

Ribosomes assist in protien synthesis.

nucleotide strands that carry messeges to the genetically active dna

cells that have not yet differntiated

of the body. Non reproductive.