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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List and give examples of the types of bones.
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long (femur), short (metacarpals); flat (cranial); irregular (vertebrae); wormain (skull); sesmoid (patella)
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How many bones are found in the mature human body?.
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approx. 206
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How many bones are found in the infant human body?
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approx. 270
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Explain the two divisions of the skeleton.
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axial - (80): skull (cranium; face); hyoid; auditory ossicles; vertebral column; thorax (ribs; sternum); appendicular - (126): pectoral girdle (clavicle; scapula); upper limbs (humerus; radius; ulna; carpals; metacarpals and phalanges); pelvic girdle (os coxae); lower limbs (femur; tibia; fibula; tarsals; metatarsals and phalanges)
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Describe the skull of a newborn.
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consists of fibrous connective tissue areas that have not yet ossified
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Define fontanel.
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soft spots that enable the fetal skull to modify it size and shape during a vaginal delivery; and to adjust to the increase in the size of the brain. The anterior fontanel is the largest and finishes ossifying at 2 years of age.
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What is a sinus?
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an opening within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane; these empty areas will decrease the weight of the skull and act as a resonating chamber for the voice
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What is a parinasal sinus?
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the bones around the nasal cavity have large sinuses within them;
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Where are the sinuses found?
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frontal; maxillary; ethmoidal and sphenoidal bones
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Define nasal septum.
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anatomical wall in the nasal cavity composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone; the vomer and the anterior septal cartilage
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Define deviated septum?
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when the usually midsagittially place septum is displaced to one side; can cause difficulty breathing.
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Define cleft palate.
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an opening between the oral and nasal cavity because the palatine processes of the maxillary didn’t fuse properly in the womb. Usually has cleft lip
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Define hyoid bone.
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U shaped bone; unique because it does not articulate with other bones. It is found between the mandible and the larynx and provides attachment for muscles of the tongue
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Describe the composition of the vertebral column.
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composed of 26 bones; distributed in 5 regions: 7 cervical vertebrae; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae).
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Define intervertebral disks.
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pads of fibrocartilage between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae used as shock absorbers to the spine.
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Define herniated disk.
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a rupture of a portion of the disk so that it is dislocated and leans on spinal nerves; very painful
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List and describe the four normal curvature of the spine.
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KYPHOTIC: thoracic & sacral (concave; primary - retain original embryonic curvature); LORDOTIC: cervical & lumbar (convex; secondary - form after birth, cervical-holding head up; lumbar-sitting up)
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List the three abnormal curvatures of the spine.
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scoliosis; kyphosis; lordosis
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Define scoliosis.
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lateral bend of the vertebral column; usually in the thoracic region
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Define kyphosis.
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exaggeration of the thoracic curvature. Also known as hunchback
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Define lordosis.
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exaggeration of lumbar curvature. Seen in pregnancy and also known as swayback
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What are the two girdles of the body?
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pectoral and pelvic
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What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
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consists of the clavicle and the scapula; joined at the acromioclavicular joint; most superior girdle that supports the arms
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What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
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formed by the anterior pubic symphysis; joining the two os coxae
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How is the pubic symphysis held together?
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by fibrocartilage
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What classifies as a fused bone?
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sacrum (5 vertebrae); coccyx (4 vertebrae)
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What is the weight bearing portion of the vertebrae?
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the body (centrum); the rounded, central, anterior facing, portion of a vertebrae
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How many ribs are in the body?
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12; 7 true, 5 false, ribs# 11-12 floating
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