A+P Chapter 21: Immune System

-Granular leukocytes
-Nongranular leukocytes
-Other cells

-Neutrophils
-Basophils
-Eosinophils

-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes

-B cells: plasma and memory B cells
-T cells: killer, helper, suppressor, and memory T cells
-Natural killer (NK) cells

-Macrophages
-Mast cells

-Bone Marrow
-Phagocytosis

-Bone marrow
-Secrete histamine and heparin

-Bone marrow
-Destroy parasites

-Bone marrow
-Phagocytosis, they enter tissue and are transformed into macrophages

-Bone marrow
-Antibody-mediated immunity; accounts for 20%-30% of blood lymphocytes

-Bone marrow
-Secrete antibodies

-Bone marrow
-Remember the antigens

-Bone marrow
-Cell-mediated immunity; accounts for 70%-80% of blood lymphocytes

-Bone marrow
-Kills cells

-Bone marrow
-Secrete lymphokines, which activate B cells and other cells

-Bone marrow
-Inhibit B cell and T cell activity (help control immune response)

-Bone marrow
-Remember the antigens

-Lymphoid tissue
-Kill cells

-Almost all organs and tissues
-Phagocytosis; present antigens to lymphocytes

-Almost all organs and tissues, esp. liver and lungs
-Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

-Protects the body agains many different types of antigens
-First and second line of defense

-Mechanical barriers: skin, mucous membranes
-Chemical barriers: tears, saliva, perspiration, acid and digestive enzymes, mucus
-Reflexes: coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea

-Phagocytosis: fixed and wandering
-Inflammation
-Fever
-Protective proteins

-Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through tiny gaps between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls and enter the tissue space at the site of infection

-Movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
-Chemicals released by injured cells attract them to the injured site

-Response the body makes when confronted by an irritant
-Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain
-Injured cells release histamine and other substances that cause blood vessels to dilate which increase blood flow, which causes redness and heat
-Histamine also causes blood vessel walls to leak fluid, causing swelling
-Fluid and chemicals accumulating at the injured are also stimulate pain receptors

-Phagocytes release pyrogens that stimulate the hypothalamus to reset the bodys temperature
-Fever decreases the ability of certain pathogens to multiply and stimulates phagocytosis

-Interferons: secreted by cells infected with a virus, prevent viral replication, activate NK cells and macrophages
Compliment proteins: activated against a bacterium, punches holes in the bacterium's membrane; holes allow fluid and electrolytes to flow into the bacterium causing it to burst and die

-A special type of lymphocyte that acts nonspecifically to kill a variety of cells

-Recognition of "self" (your own cells) and other cells as "non self"

-Third line of defense
-Protection against a specific foreign agent such as the measles
-Lymphocytes (B and T) play key roles in specific immunity

-A substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies
-Generally large molecules
-Most are proteins, but some are polysaccharides and lipids
-Found on the surfaces of many substances such as RBC's, pollens, foods, toxins, cancer cells...
-Antigens are attacked by lymphocytes

-A persons immune system fails to identify self and mounts an attack against its own cells
-Ie: rheumatoid arthritis

-Genetic immunity
-Acquired immunity (naturally and artificially acquired)

-Aka: inborn, innate or species immunity
-Your species protects you from diseased that afflict other species
ie: heart worms from Rover

-You can acquire immunity naturally by getting the disease (active) or receiving antibodies form your mother (passive)
-Active is long lasting and passive is short-lived

-Vaccine or injection of an immune globulin (antibodies from a donor that offer immediate protection)
-Vaccine long acting and immune globulin short acting

-The formation of antibodies to substances not usually recognized as foreign
--2 types: delayed and immediate-reaction allergy

-Usually takes 48 hours to occur
-Poison ivy, sopas, household detergents

-Rapid response
-Pollens, insect venom, foods, drugs