A+P Chapter 8: Skeletal System

-bones of the lower extremities support the weight of the body
-support and protect soft organs
-movement
-storage of minerals such as phospherous and calcium
-mone marrow produces red blood cells

-long bones: longer than they are wide, found in arms and legs
-short bones: shaped like cubes, primarily found in wrists and ankles
-flat bones: thin, flat, and curved, ribs, breastbone and skull
-irregular bones: not in any other classification of bones, hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull

bone

-bone cells
-secrete an intercellular matrix containing calcium and other mineralsm and protein fibers

-compact
-spongy

-dense, hard bone tissue
pirmarily found in the shafts of long bones and on the outer surface of other bones
-cells are tightly packed
-many haversian systems running paralelle to each other

-aka; cancellous bone
-less dense
-primarily found at the ends of long bones and the center of other bones
-cells arrag\nged in plates

-the microscopic unit of compact bone
-mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels
-cylindrical
-lateral blood vessels communicate with each other

-arranged in plates
-swiss cheese look
-decrease the weight of the bone
-contain red bone marrow
-found in short, flat, and irregular bones, and the ends of long bones

-the long shaft of the bone
-mainly compact bone

-the enlarged ends of the bone
-where bone articulates
-thin layer of compact bone overlaying spongy bone

-AKA growth plate
-band of hyaline cartilage located at ends of long bones between the epiphysis and diaphysis
-longitudinal bone growth occurs here

-hollow center of the diaphysis
-infants: filled with red bone marrow (blood cell production)
-adults: filled with yellow bone marrow (storage for fat)

connective tissue lining the medular cavity

-tough fiberous connective tissue membrane that covers the surface of the diaphysis except the articular cartilage
-protects bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle
-contains blood vessels that nourish the bone

-outer layer of epiphysis
-smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction

cartilage and connective tissue change into bone

-longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal disc
-cartilage adjacent to the epiphysis continues to multiply and grow toward the diaphysis
-ends when epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused
-growth hormone stimulates growth
-estrogen and testosterone cause fusion of epiphiseal disc

-osteoblasts build bone on outside
-osteoclasts destroy bone on inside
-keep bone large, wide hallow bone that is strong but not too heavy
-moves calcium from bone to blood (plays a crucial role in blood calcium levels)
-influenced by the parathyroid

-closed (simple)-skin remains intact
-open (compound)-extensive tissue damage
-incomplete (greenstick)- does not completely break the bone

branch of science that studies the joints

branch of science that sutdies diseases of the joints

-immovable
-slightly moveable
-freely moveable

shoulder
hip

elbow
knee

atlas and axis- allow movement side to side indicating no

thumb

carpals

temporal bone and mandible
knuckles

R-rest
I-ice
C-compression
E-elevate