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56 Cards in this Set

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Germany, Austria, Italy

later Germany, Austria
Triple Alliance

Central Powers
France, Russia, GB

later France, Russia, GB, US, Italy
Triple Entente

Allied Powers
Kruger Telegram of 1896
expressed Kaiser's support for South African Boers in conflict with Britain
center of South Slav agitation
Serbia
secret agreement of 1908
Austria & Russia would call international conference where Russia would favor Austrian annexation of Bosnia & Ausia would support Russian warship access across the straits
Serbian revolutionary Nationalist group; Union or Death
Black Hand
heir to Habsburg empire; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Bosnian capital in Austrian emp
Sarajevo
German blank check
Germany gave Austria guarantee of almost unconditional support; caused German entry in ww1 (to support Austria)
Treaty of 1839
guaranteed Belgian neutrality
ultimatum
demand in which one party threatens harmful action if terms not met
Some causes of ww1: MAIMIN
militarism, alliances, imperialism, militarism, inevitability of war, nationalism
Schlieffen Plan
German war plan to quickly defeat France by invading thru Belgium then focusing on Russia
Battle of Marne
9/5-9/12, 1914 - changed whole character of war --- ended German hope of defeating France in one blow
Battle of Somme
July-Oct. 1916 - Allied offensive; no significant outcome; huge casualties
Battle of Verdun
German offensive;lasted almost 10 months; involving ~2mil soldiers; eventually Germans abandoned attack with 330,000 German casualties, 350,000 French
contraband
military equips/materials
unrestricted submarine warfare
announced by Germany: any ships around Britain would be attacked
Battle of Jutland
great naval battle; confirmed Allies' access to sea
irredenta
border regions with populations not yet incorporated into nation
secret treaty of London 1915
Italy's secret treaty with Allies; betrayed triple alliance for territories
Easter Rebellion of 1916
led by Irish Nationalist Sir Roger Casement; suppressed by British; encouraged by Central Powers
Zimmerman telegram (1916)
sent by Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico to get assistance in war in return for German help getting back US states; intercepted & published in newspapers by British

one reason for US entry in war
Colonel T.E. Lawrence
led insurrection against Turks in Hejaz, northwestern Arabian peninsula
Balfour Declaration (1917)
promised British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine with protection of rights of non-Jews too
21 Demands
Japanese ultimatum for further concessions to China in Jan. 1915
Bethmann-Hollweg
German chancellor; created list of German war aims in summer 1917
stalemate
stuck/tie
Russian Rev of 1917
broke out March 1917; permenantly dethroned Romanovs
Duma
Russian parliament
took over Russia after Nicholas II abdicated; liberal nobles/middle-class democrats/constitutionalists; in power March - Nov. 1917
Provisional Gov
faction of Russian Marxist/Social Democratic Party

"majority" - party ruled by elite few; purges; dictatorship of proletariat; class struggle!! NO COMPROMISE

PEACE, LAND, BREAD

renamed Communist party in March 1918
Bolsheviks
faction of Russian Marxist/Social Democratic Party

"minority" - more open to compromise & willing to work thru politices
Mensheviks
Treaty of Brest-Litvosk (1918)
b/t Germans & Bolsheviks; max German success of WW1, neutralized Russia
Battle of Passchendaele (1917)
British advanced 5 miles near Ypres & penetrated German liness tho forced to withdraw since not enough infantry
conscription
drafting
armistice
agreement to stop fighting
introduced in euro during ww1 to save coal
daylight saving time
Ferdinand Foch
commander in chief of all Allied forced in France
Spanish influenza 1918
worldwide pandemic; killed 50mil + ppl
General Ludendorff
German general head of High Command; realized German cause was hopeless by Sept. 1918 & informed kaiser that Germany must ask for peace
Weimar Republic
proclaimed after William II's abdication
last Kaiser of Germany
William II
older capitalism vs. new capitalism?
OLDER: emphasized economic liberalism; unregulated free private enterprise, laissez-faire

^^^ affected by WW1: belligerent govs tried to control/direct all wealth/resources -- PLANNED ECONOMY - free competition frowned upon/patriotic to save resources
propaganda
used to rally public support
Interallied Shipping Council
international council to control/allocate shipping
rejected traditional literature & criticized Western rationality/social conventions
Dada movement
Woodrow Wilson
US president; insisted on 14 points to be est @ peace of Paris, 1919
14 Points
principles to est peace; proposed by Wilson -- ie. self-determination, end to secret treaties, international organization to prevent war
League of Nations
insisted by Wilson; permenant international body in which all nations could meet together to discuss/settle disputes w/o having to go to war

FAIL
war guilt clause
part of Treaty of Versailles; blamed Germany for start of WW1
Big Four
Wilson (US), Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemenceau (France), Orlando (Italy)
Treaty of Versailles 1919
peace after WII; 4 main points: REPARATIONS, DISARMAMENT, TERRITORIAL CLAUSE (Germany lose all colonies; Alsace-Lorraine back to France, etc), & WAR GUILT CLAUSE
cordon sanitaire
belt of states from Finland to Romania; bulwark against Bolshevism
treaty of Sevres 1920
transformed political order in Middle East; Ottoman emp disappeared --> Turkey
each Euro nation set up w/ own sovereignty/independent national state
national self-determination