AP Govt

based on the concept of a nation: a group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations, especially self-government and sovereignty

a group of people who identify
themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties

aspirations for state independence and sovereignty; devotion to the interests of one’s culture, nation, or state; belief in the superiority of one’s culture, nation, or state

a territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government

an individual's relationship to the state; the individual swears allegiance to the state, and the state in turn provides certain benefits or rights

when people have pride in their political system and seek to defend nad promote it. Pride in one's state.

when different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense

when one or more groups do develop clear aspirations for sovereignty, clashing with others as a result

describes view regarding the necessary pace and scop of change between freedom and equality.

believe in dramatic, often revolutionary change of the existing political, social, or economic order.

cultural and social characteristics that distinguish one nation from another — especially in the minds of the members of the ethnic group

Believe taht although there may be a need for change, the system is not fundamentally unjust or broken, and change can be pursued through the political process.

they question whether any significant or profound change in existing institutions is necessary

Seek to restore political, social and economic institutions that once existe.

sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics.

a set of beliefs that favors a
limited role of the state in people’s lives and emphasizes individual freedoms

advocates that the state control all economic resources in order to produce true economic equality for the community as a whole

a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems

antiliberal in tis focus and hostile to the idea of individual freedom, rejects the notion of equality

Rejects the notion of the state altogether

Ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state, or rather, to make faith the sovereign authority

system of political, social, and economic liberties, supported by competition, participation and contestation

A combined religious and political ruler

basic norms for political activity in a society

the study of the interaction between
the state and the economy, that is, how the state and political
processes affect the organization of production and exchange (the economy) and how the organization of the economy affects political processes.

the interactions between the forces of supply and demand, and they allocate resources through the process of that interaction.

refers to the ownership of goods and services, it can refer to land, buildings, etc.

those goods provided or secured by the state, available for society and indivisible, meaning that no one private person or organization can own them

the state's provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, transportation.

means by which the state collects the funds to pay for public goods and services to benefit the public directly

institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy

when prices begin to rise and money loses its value

An economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired

rules or orders that set the boundaries of a given procedure

emergence of a single producer of a good or service that is able to dominate the market

business of buying and selling commodities; commerce.

taxes on imported goods

limit the quantity of a good coming into the country

ability to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other coutries' efficiency in producing the same good or service

system of production based on private ownership and free markets

hold that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes

when mercantilist states rely on partial or full state ownership of specific industries attempting to create certain businesses that are viewed as critical for international competitiveness

total market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a period of one year

The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a specified period.

attempts to estimate the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs, such as food and housing, using prices in the U.S as a benchmark

mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

looks not only at the total amount of wealth in a society as GDP does, but also at the overall outcome of that wealth- the well being of a country's people

policy designed to remove political controls over economic activity

A political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people.

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches.

Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials.

Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests.

The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state.

The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.

The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.

The branch of government charged with making laws.

A political system in which the legislature comprises two houses.

A political system in which the legislature comprises one house.

The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution.

The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution.

Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it.

Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes.

A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices.

Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.

A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office.

A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are separated into two offices.

A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.

the right to vote

A geographical area that an elected official represents.

An electoral district with one seat.

An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote.

An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat.

An electoral district with more than one seat.

An electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation.

A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution.

A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal.

Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime.

Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime.

A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power or authority.

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

A nondemocratic regime that is highly centralized, possessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions.

A political view that does not have a consistent ideological foundation, but that emphasizes hostility toward elites and established state and economic institutions and favors greater power in the hands of the public.

Compelling behavior by threatening harm.

The process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards.

A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public, and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.

A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support.

A process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner.

Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual, and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner.

Rule by a single leader, with no clear regime or rules constraining that leadership.

An arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will.

Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'tat

A move in which military forces take control of the government by force.

A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation.

Rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power.

A nondemocratic form of rule in which religion is the foundation for the regime.

independent legal authority
over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently makes and carries out policy

the processes through which groups
of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority

the study of the domestic politics,
political institutions, and conflicts of countries. Often
involves comparisons among countries and through time
within single countries, emphasizing key patterns of similarity and difference.

a way to make comparisons across cases and draw conclusions

An organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake.

all those people and groups within a
nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation

a pattern of organization for
a government (often described in a
constitution or supreme law)

the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of
people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time

a territorial unit controlled by a single state. Countries vary in the degree to which groups within them have a common culture and ethnic affiliation.

the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority

legitimacy that is strongly institutionalized and was built by habit and custom

legitimacy built on by force of ideas and the presence of the leader, is weakly institutionalized

based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized

a regime in which political
authority is shared between a central
government and local governments

concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism

a state with extensive capacity
to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state

a state with little capacity for
carrying out policies adopted

a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services or implement its policies

the degree to which a state or
government is able to implement its policies

the degree to which a state
can implement policies independent of the populace; the amount of sovereignty a nation-state is able to exercise in the global environment