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30 Cards in this Set

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In intense exercise, the demand of the muscles may increase __ times.
20
What happens to the heart during exercise?
increased cardiac output
What happens to blood flow during exercise?
-increase in active muscles
-decrease in the viscera
-initial decrease in skin, followed by increase for heat transfer
What are the two import controls of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
1) Neural
2) Local hyperemia
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated during exercise?
sympathetic / adrenergic
Describe active hyperemia.
Blood flow is increased to the muscles by local vasodilator substances.
Name some vasodilator substances at work during active hyperemia.
Carbon dioxide and lactic acid
What does sympathetic stimulation during exercise do to the cardiovascular system?
-heart rate and myocardial contractility
-vasoconstriction of the arterioles
-reduced flow through gastrointestinal tract
What effect does the venous pump have during exercise?
sends more blood back to the heart via contraction of the muscles
Does blood flow through the brain change during exercise?
No
What does repetitive exercise do to the cardiac output?
In trained athletes, such as marathoners, the cardiac output can be increased much higher than in untrained athletes.
Describe circulatory shock.
Circulatory shock is caused by inadequate blood blow to critical organs.
Define hypovolemic shock.
reduction of blood volume
Name 4 factors that may induce hypovolemic shock.
1. Hemorrhage
2. Severe burns
3. Vomiting
4. Diarrhoea
Name 4 ways the body counteracts hemorrhage.
1. Reduced firing rate of the baroreceptors
2. Conservation of fluid via urine retention
3. Moving fluid from interstitial space into circulation.
4. Restoring lost fluid by stimulating thirst
Name the 3 effects the baroceptor response has on the body when hemorrhage occurs.
1. Arteriolar vasoconstriction
2. Constriction of veins and muscular venules.
3. Heart rate and force of contraction increase.
Define hemorrhage.
Loss of blood.
Describe two effects on the skin of sympathetic activation during hemorrhage
1. Blanching of the skin
2. Cold sweat, cold and clammy skin.
Describe secondary hypertension.
Hypertension caused by another condition such as disease or pregnancy.
Describe primary hypertension.
Also known as idiopathic hypertension. Causes are still unknown.
Name two ways primary hypertension is corrected.
1. Lifestyle modifications
2. Pharmacological
Name 3 drugs used to treat hypertension.
1. Calcium channel blockers.
2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
3. Angiotensin receptor blockers
Name 6 causes of hypertension.
1. Excess dietary salt intake
2. Emotional stress
3. Smoking
4. Excessive alcohol intake.
5. Obesity
6. Diabetes
Define atherosclerosis.
a chronic disease involving the deposition of plaques containing lipids and cholesterol in the coronary, carotid, and aorto femoral vascular beds.
Where do the coronary arteries branch from the aorta?
Just beyond the aortic semilunar valve.
What is the name for the major vein that drains the coronary arteries.
Coronary sinus
Describe how coronary flow changes during systole and diastole.
Coronary blood flow increases during diastole and decreases during systole.
What is the major factor governing coronary flow?
Oxygen demand
Describe myocardial (cardiac) ischemia.
When the heart demands more oxygen than the coronary circulation can supply.
Name three possible effects of cardiac ischemia.
1. Myocardial infarction
2. Ventricular arrhythmias.
3. Angina pectoris.