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480 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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151. How many cell layers thick are hepatic plates? Why is this important?
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EITHER 1 TO 2 CELLS, SINUSOIDS MUST BE LOCATED VERY CLOSE TO HEPATOCYTES SO SUBSTANCES AND GASES CAN MOVE FREELY TO AND FROM THE BLOOD TO HEPATOCYTES. VIRTUALLY EVERY HEPATOCYTE IS LOCATED ADJACENT TO A SINUSOID
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91. Mixing waves are most vigorous in which part of the stomach?
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PYLORUS
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185. Microvilli are also known as the brush border. What substances are contained in the cell membrane that digests many types of food molecules?
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(BRUSH BORDER) ENZYMES
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29. Reference the question above: Name the 2 types of receptors contained within these structures:
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GUSTATION (TASTE), AND TOUCH
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28. What is the name of the projections of the lamina propria on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue?
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PAPILLAE
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116. What event initiates the enterogastric reflex?
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DUODENAL DISTENTION WITH CHYME
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117. Reference the question above: How is sympathetic nervous system output to the stomach affected? How is parasympathetic output to the stomach affected?
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SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT TO THE STOMACH INCREASES, PARASYMPATHETIC OUTPUT TO THE STOMACH DECREASES, THE NET RESULT = DECREASED GASTRIC MOTILITY
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231. Approximately how much water (in ml) remains in the large intestine after maximal osmosis has occurred?
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100 - 200 mL
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133. Reference the question above: Name the intestinal brush border enzyme that activates trypsinogen:
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ENTEROKINASE
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132. List 3 inactive zymogens in pancreatic juice that, when activated, become proteases:
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TRYPSINOGEN, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, PROELASTASE
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141. What is the name of the structure that divides the liver into right and left lobes?
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FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
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142. Reference the question above: What other function does this structure have?
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SUSPENDS THE LIVER FROM THE DIAPHRAGM
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145. Liver lobules are composed of specialized epithelial cells. Name them:
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HEPATOCYTES
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146. Reference the question above: List 3 functions that these cells perform:
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HORMONE AND DRUG METABOLISM, CLEAR WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD, PRODUCE BILE
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160. Name the principle bile pigment:
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BILIRUBIN
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161. Reference the question above: What portion/part of hemoglobin does this pigment come from?
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HEME
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172. Reference the question above: All but one of the vitamins is fat soluble. Which one is water soluble?
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B12
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171. List the vitamins stored within the liver:
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B12, A, K, E, D
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174. List the 3 regions of the gallbladder:
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FUNDUS, BODY, NECK
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175. Reference the question above: Which region projects most inferiorly? Why is this important?
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FUNDUS, SO STORED BILE WILL NOT LEAK OUT
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198. Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins discussed in class:
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D, A, K, E
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199. Reference the question above: These vitamins commonly absorbed with what other substance?
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LIPIDS
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30. Name the 3 parts of the pharynx:
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NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYNX
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31. Reference the question above: Which 2 parts are involved in both respiratory and digestive functions?
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OROPHARYNX AND LARYNGOPHARYNX
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205. Reference the question above: From which region is the vermiform appendix attached?
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CECUM
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204. List, in sequence, the 4 major regions of the large intestine:
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CECUM, COLON, RECTUM, ANAL CANAL
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206. List, in sequence, the 4 segments of the colon:
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ASCENDING, TRANSVERSE, DESCENDING, SIGMOID
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207. Reference the question above: Which segment projects medially to the midline and terminates at the rectum?
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SIGMOID
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213. Reference the question above: What structures are contained within the folds?
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A NETWORK OF VEINS AND ARTERIES
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212. Name the longitudinal mucosal folds located in the anal canal:
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ANAL COLUMNS
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214. Reference the question above: What medical condition occurs if these structures are abnormally dilated?
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HEMORRHOIDS
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217. The large intestinal mucosa is composed of 2 types of epithelial cells. Name them:
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ABSORPTIVE AND GOBLET
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218. Reference the question above: Where are these cells located?
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IN CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
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223. Name the structure that regulates passage of chyme from the ileum into the cecum:
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ILEOCECAL VALVE (ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER)
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224. Reference the question above: Does this structure remain completely closed when chyme is not passing through? Why or why not?
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NO, IT NORMALLY REMAINS PARTIALLY OPEN WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT EATING ALLOWING VERY SLOW PASSAGE OF CHYME. THIS ALLOWS ADEQUATE DEHYDRATION OF CHYME FORMING FECES
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183. Each question below describes 1 of 4 different structures within the small intestine that comprise the digestive and absorptive surface:
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(1) Which structure enhances mechanical digestion?
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CIRCULAR FOLDS
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(3) Which structure is lined with several types of epithelial cells?
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CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
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(2) Which structure is composed of projections of the apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells?
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MICROVILLI
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(4) Which structure is composed of fingerlike mucosal projections?
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VILLI
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216. For each anal sphincter, identify if it is composed of smooth muscle or skeletal muscle:
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(1) External:
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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(2) Internal:
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SMOOTH MUSCLE
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47. Name 2 effects that the sympathetic nervous system has on GI tract function:
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DECREASES SECRETIONS, AND DECREASES MOTILITY
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48. Reference the question above: Briefly explain why it is important that these changes in GI tract function occur:
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DURING THE "FLIGHT OR FLIGHT" RESPONSE, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT MOST BLOOD FLOW TO THE GI TRACT BE DIVERTED TO EXERCISING SKELETAL MUSCLES AND OTHER TISSUES THAT REQUIRE MORE BLOOD FLOW
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58. List the 3 stages of swallowing:
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ORAL, PHARYNGEAL, AND ESOPHAGEAL
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59. Reference the question above: During which stage does the epiglottis close off the trachea?
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PHARYNGEAL
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67. Chyme is propelled through the small intestine via 2 mechanisms. Name them:
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PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATIONS
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68. Reference the question above: Which mechanism is the most frequent type of smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine?
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SEGMENTATIONS
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85. Name the substance that is trapped by the mucous layer at the epithelial cell surface of the stomach:
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HCO3-
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86. Reference the question above: What is the function of this substance?
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KEEPING THE pH NEAREST THE EPITHELIUM AT APPROXIMATELY 7.0
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100. Name the active transport mechanism responsible for secretion of H+ and Cl- into the gastric lumen:
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PROTON PUMP
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101. Reference the question above: Name 2 “stimulators” of this mechanism:
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VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION AND GASTRIN
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103. Briefly explain how H+ is produced in parietal cells:
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CARBONIC ACID IMMEDIATELY DISSOCIATES INTO H+ AND HCO3-
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104. Reference the question above: Name the enzyme catalyst:
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CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
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109. Gastrin is secreted from which type of gastric cell?
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G CELLS
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110. Reference the question above: What stimulates gastrin secretion?
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THE PRESENCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTED PROTEINS
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99. Briefly explain histamine function:
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IT STIMULATES NEARBY PARIETAL CELLS TO SECRETE H+ AND Cl- INTO THE STOMACH LUMEN
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98. Histamine is released from what cell type?
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ECL CELLS
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97. Pepsin activity is most effective in a HIGH or LOW pH?
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LOW
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96. Pepsin digests what substance(s)?
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PROTEINS
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95. Pepsinogen is released from what gastric cell type?
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CHIEF CELLS
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94. The sight, smell, or thought of food stimulates release of what neurotransmitter substance?
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ACh
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93. What substance in gastric juice inactivates salivary amylase?
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HYRDROCHLORIC ACID
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92. Once food mixes with gastric juice, lingual lipase activity begins. What activates lingual lipase?
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THE LOW pH IN THE STOMACH
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90. Swallowed food is stored in which part of the stomach until it mixes with gastric juice?
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FUNDUS
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9. In which wall layer is the myenteric nerve plexus located?
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MUSCULARIS
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89. Gastrin is secreted from which gastric gland cell?
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G CELLS
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88. Name the gastric gland cell that secretes histamine:
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ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) CELLS
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87. Name 2 substances secreted by chief cells:
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PEPSINOGEN AND GASTRIC LIPASE
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84. How thick is the mucous layer overlying the gastric mucosa?
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ABOUT 1-3 MM
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83. Name 2 substances secreted by parietal cells:
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
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82. What is the name of the small openings that arise from within gastric mucosal folds?
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GASTRIC PITS
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81. Describe stomach rugae:
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VISIBLE MUCOSAL FOLDS THAT INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA
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80. What is the name of the convex lateral border of the stomach?
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GREATER CURVATURE
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8. Which wall layer is known as the visceral peritoneum?
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SEROSA
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79. What is the name of the concave medial border of the stomach?
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LESSER CURVATURE
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78. Name the 3 parts of the pylorus from most proximal to most distal:
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PYLORIC ANTRUM, PYLORIC CANAL, PYLORIC SPHINCTER
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77. List the 4 regions of the stomach from the most superior aspect to the most inferior aspect:
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CARDIA, FUNDUS, BODY, PYLORUS
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76. In the stomach, starch digestion continues via the action of which enzyme?
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SALIVARY AMYLASE
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75. Name 2 major functions of the stomach:
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MIXING AND HOLDING CHAMBER
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74. Which type of diarrhea is most common?
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OSMOTIC
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73. What is another name for reverse peristalsis?
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VOMITING
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72. How often does mass peristalsis occur?
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OCCURS 1-4 TIMES DAILY (VARIES BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGY REFERENCES)
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71. What is the stimulus for mass peristalsis?
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WHEN ACTIVE DIGESTION IS OCCURING IN THE UPPER GI TRACT
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70. Where does segmental propulsion occur? How is forward movement of chyme affected?
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LARGE INTESTINE, FORWARD MOVEMENT IS VERY SLOW BECAUSE THE PURPOSE OF SEGMENTAL PROPULSION IS TO ALLOW DEHYDRATION OF CHYME
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7. Smooth muscle of the muscularis is divided into 2 layers based on how the muscle is oriented. In which direction is each muscle layer oriented? Why is this significant?
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LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR, CONTRACTIONS OF CIRCULAR MUSCLE MIX GI CONCENTRATIONS LOCALLY WHILE CONTRACTIONS OF LONGITUDINAL MUSCLES PROPEL GI CONTENTS FORWARD THROUGH THE TRACT
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69. What causes peristaltic rushes?
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CERTAIN BACTERIA OR IRRITANTS WITHIN THE INTESTINAL LUMEN
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66. What is the stimulus for receptive relaxation of the duodenum?
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VAGALLY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF VIP
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65. What is chyme?
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GASTRIC SECRETIONS MIXED WITH INGESTED FOOD
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64. Name the 2 luminal receptors in the gastric wall that stimulate mixing contractions:
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MECHANORECEPTORS AND CHEMORECEPTORS
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63. Briefly describe receptive relaxation of the stomach:
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AS THE FOOD BOLUS ENTERS THE STOMACH, VAGALLY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF VIP RELAXES GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE
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62. Briefly explain how the LES relaxes as a food bolus approaches:
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VAGAL RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE AND VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) VIA IMPULSES SENT FROM MECHANORECEPTORS IN THE ESOPHAGEAL WALL
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61. When/why does secondary esophageal peristalsis occur?
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THEY OCCUR IF ESOPHAGEAL SMOOTH MUSCLE IS STRETCHED BY A LARGE, DRY FOOD BOLUS AND THEY ASSIST PRIMARY ESOPHAGEAL PERISTALSIS IN MOVING THE FOOD BOLUS INTO THE STOMACH
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60. The swallowing center in the medulla stimulates what type of esophageal peristalsis?
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PRIMARY
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6. List the 4 wall layers of the GI tract IN ORDER from the lumen to external surface:
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MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, MUSCULARIS, SEROSA
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57. Briefly describe migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs):
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CONTRACTILE WAVES OF SHORT DURATION THAT PROPEL UNDIGESTED MATERIAL AND BACTERIA OUT OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE INTO THE COLON DURING FASTING PERIODS. THEY ORIGINATE IN THE MID-STOMACH AND TERMINATE WITHIN THE TERMINAL ILEUM
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56. Name 2 substances released by inhibitory motor neurons that cause smooth muscle relaxation:
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NITRIC OXIDE AND VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)
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55. Name 2 hormones that cause smooth muscle contraction:
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CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) AND GASTRIN
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54. Name 2 parasympathetic neurotransmitter substances that cause smooth muscle contraction:
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ACETYLCHOLINE AND SUBSTANCE P
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53. What must occur to the resting membrane potential of smooth muscle fibers to cause contraction?
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DEPOLARIZATION
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52. What are slow waves? Where are they generated?
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UNDULATIONS IN RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL THAT DO NOT CAUSE MUSCLE CONTRACTION. THEY ARE GENERATED BY INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL LOCATED BETWEEN THE 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS OF THE MUSCULARIS
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51. What is a specific electrical characteristic of GI tract smooth muscle?
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SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS DO NOT HAVE A STABLE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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50. Describe the function of luminal chemoreceptors:
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THEY SENSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INGESTED FOOD AND FLUIDS
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5. List 2 functions of lymphatic capillaries in the GI tract:
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LIPID ABSORPTION (SM INTESTINE) AND FLUID AND PROTEIN ABSORPTION (LIVER)
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49. Describe the function of luminal mechanoreceptors:
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THEY SENSE WALL STRETCHING CAUSED BY INGESTED FOOD AND FLUIDS
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46. What is the name of the nerves that supply parasympathetic fibers to most of the GI tract?
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VAGUS
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45. Name 2 effects that the parasympathetic nervous system has on GI tract function:
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INCREASES SECRETIONS, AND INCREASES MOTALITY
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44. The ENS receives neural input from what receptor type?
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LUMINAL
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43. Describe the function of Meissner’s plexus:
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REGULATES LOCAL GI TRACT SECRETIONS
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42. Describe the function of Auerbach’s plexus:
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REGULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND RELAXATIONS THAT MIXES AND PROPELS GI CONTENTS
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41. Does function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) require input from the autonomic nervous system? YES NO
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NO
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40. What is the name of the external layer of the esophageal wall?
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ADVENTITIA
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4. Blood is transported away from the intestines and to the liver via which vessel(s)?
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PORTAL VEIN
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39. Describe the Z line:
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IT DELINEATES THE JUNCTION OF THE GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
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38. What is the function of the LES?
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REGULATES FOOD MOVEMENT FROM THE ESOPHAGUS INTO THE STOMACH
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37. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is formed by which tissue layer of the esophageal wall?
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MUSCULARIS
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36. Why are mucous cells more numerous in the distal esophagus?
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THEIR SECRETIONS PROTECT THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS FROM VERY ACIDIC GASTRIC SECRETIONS
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35. Describe a hiatal hernia:
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A PROTRUSION OF A PORTION OF THE CARDIA OR FUNDUS OF THE STOMACH THROUGH THE ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS INTO THE CHEST CAVITY
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34. The esophagus pierces the diaphragm through what structure?
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ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS
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33. The esophagus passes through the thorax within what structure?
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MEDIASTINUM
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32. Is the esophagus located anterior or posterior to the trachea? Why is this important?
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POSTERIOR, C-SHAPED TRACHEAL CARTILAGE SEGMENTS ALLOW THE ESOPHAGUS TO EXPAND ANDTERIORLY DURING SWALLOWING (YOU CANNOT SWALLOW AND BREATHE AT THE SAME TIME)
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3. Name the arteries that transport blood to the GI tract (the intestines):
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SPLANCHNIC BED (SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES)
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27. Name the groove on the surface of the tongue that divides it into R and L halves:
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MEDIAN SEPTUM
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26. Describe the lingual frenulum and its function:
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IT IS A MUCOSAL FOLD I THE MIDLINE OF THE UNDERSURFACE OF THE TONGUE. IT LIMITS POSTERIOR MOVEMENT OF THE TONGUE
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25. Which part of the autonomic nervous system stimulates salivation?
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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24. What ultimately happens to most of the water in saliva?
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IT IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD FROM THE GI TRACT
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234. Normally, feces are not expelled until a time that a person decides is appropriate. What must occur at that time for feces to be expelled?
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THE INDIVIDUAL MUST VOLUNTARILY RELAX THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
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233. Once feces enter the rectum, mechanoreceptors are stimulated. Name the reflex:
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DEFECATION REFLEX
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232. Name the mechanism that pushes fecal material into the rectum:
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MASS PERISTALSIS
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230. Are enzymes secreted in the large intestine? YES NO Why?
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NO, MOST DIGESTION OCCURRED IN THE SMALL INTESTINE + THE LARGE INTESTINE MUCOSA DOES NOT POSSESS ENZYME-SECRETING CELLS
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23. Saliva contains 2 enzymes. Name them:
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LINGUAL LIPASE AND SALIVARY AMYLASE (PTYALIN)
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229. What digestive role do bacteria play within the colon lumen?
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CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION
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228. Briefly describe the gastrocolic reflex:
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FOOD ENTERING THE STOMACH STIMULATES MASS PERISTALSIS 1 - 4 TIMES DAILY. THIS MECHANISM INSURES THAT THE COLON IS EVACUATED MAKING ROOM FOR MORE CHYME AND FECES FORMATION
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227. When do colon movements begin?
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WHEN GI CONTENTS PASS THROUGH THE ILEOCECAL VALVE
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226. Name the reflex that occurs after a meal that intensifies peristalsis in the ileum forcing chyme into the cecum:
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GASTROILEAL REFLEX
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225. Name the hormone that relaxes and opens the ileocecal valve:
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GASTRIN
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222. Identify the small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat that “hang” from the external surface of the colon:
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EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES
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221. Briefly describe teniae coli:
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IT IS MADE OF 3 LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE BANDS ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE COLON
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220. Name the structures formed by the muscularis layer that give the colon a “puckered” appearance:
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HAUSTRA
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22. Name the salivary glands located in the tongue:
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LINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS
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219. Name the structures that increase the absorptive surface area of the large intestine:
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MICROVILLI
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215. What structure delineates the distal extent of the anal columns and the proximal edge of the anoderm?
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DENTATE LINE (AKA PECTINATE LINE)
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211. What is the primary function of the rectum?
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FECES STORAGE PRIOR TO ELIMINATION
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210. Why is it important to know about the flexures named above? [hint: this adverse event may occur during a colonoscopy (a type of endoscopy) if the person performing the procedure is too aggressive when advancing the endoscope through the large bowel]:
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THE DEGREE OF FLEXION PREDISPOSES TO COLON PERFORATION IF THE ENDOSCOPE IS ADVANCED TOO RAPIDLY. GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN ADVANCING THE ENDOSCOPE THROUGH BOTH FLEXURES
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21. List the names of the 3 major salivary glands:
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PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, SUBLINGUAL
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209. Describe the splenic flexure:
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A FLEXED AREA OF THE COLON BETWEEN THE TRANSVERSE COLON AND DESCENDING COLON
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208. Describe the hepatic flexure:
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A FLEXED AREA OF THE COLON BETWEEN THE ASCENDING AND TRANSVERSE COLON
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203. List the 3 primary functions carried out by the large intestine:
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COMPLETION OF NUTRIENT ABSORPTION, VITAMIN PRODUCTION (SOME), FECES FORMATION AND EXCRETION
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202. Normally an osmotic balance is maintained between the water in the small bowel lumen and the blood. Name 3 substances commonly absorbed from the small bowel that create an osmotic gradient that favors water absorption:
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ELECTROLYTES, AMINO ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES
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201. What is the approximate percentage of water absorption in the small intestine? This equates to how many liters per day?
|
ABOUT 90% / 9.2 L/DAY
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200. What substance must vitamin B12 combine with before it can be absorbed from the small intestine?
|
INTRINSIC FACTOR
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20. What are the 4 major functions of saliva?
|
LUBRICATION, COOLS FOOD AND LIQUIDS, PROVIDES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, AND PROTECTS THE GI TRACT VIA IgA, WBCs, AND OPSONINS
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2. Name the GI tract hormone responsible for the feeling of fullness we experience after a meal:
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LEPTIN
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197. Approximately how much iron is absorbed in the small intestine per day?
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APPROXIMATELY 1 MG
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196. Absorbed iron (from hemoglobin or myoglobin, or absorbed as free iron) is transported from enterocytes into surrounding blood capillaries. What substance within the blood binds iron?
|
TRANSFERRIN
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195. What substance regulates absorption of dietary calcium?
|
ACTIVE VITAMIN D (1, 25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL)
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194. Dietary calcium enters the enterocytes down a concentration gradient. What intracellular substance maintains this concentration gradient? How does this substance work?
|
CALBINDIN, CALBINDIN MEDIATES CALCIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CYTOSOL OF THE ENTEROCYTE WITHOUT RAISING THE (NORMALLY) VERY LOW INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM CONCENTRATION
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193. Briefly explain how chylomicrons enter the systemic blood circulation:
|
THEY ARE TOO LARGE TO ENTER THE CAPILLARIES IN VILLI, THEY ARE ABLE TO ENTER LACTEALS, LYMPH FLUID CONTAINING CHYLOMICRONS IS "DUMPED" INTO THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD CIRCULATION AT THE JUNCTION OF THE LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
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192. Name the group of brush border enzymes that digest proteins:
|
PEPTIDASES
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191. What is cellulose? What function does it serve within the large intestine?
|
AN UNDIGESTIBLE GLUCOSE POLYMER, "HOLDS" WATER IN THE LUMEN OF THE LARGE INTESTINE RESULTING IN SOFTER FECES AND ALSO PROVIDES "BULK" TO FECES
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190. Name the group of brush border enzymes that digest carbohydrates:
|
POLYSACCHARIDASES
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19. What is the name of the peritoneal fold that binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
|
MESOCOLON
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189. Except for part of the duodenum, this tissue layer completely surrounds the small intestine. Name it:
|
THE SEROSA (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
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188. Describe Brunner’s glands:
|
SMALL SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS THAT SECRETE AN ALKALINE MUCOUS
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187. Describe Peyer’s patches:
|
AGGREGATES OF LYMPH NODULES LOCATED PRIMARILY IN THE MUCOSAL LAYER OF THE ILEUM
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186. Name the tissue within the small intestinal mucosa that generates immune responses:
|
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE
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184. Villi have a core of lamina propria containing several structures. Name them:
|
ARTERIOLE, VENULE, BLOOD CAPILLARY NETWORK, LACTEAL
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182. Name the sphincter located between the distal small intestine and the proximal large intestine:
|
ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER (VALVE)
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181. Name the sphincter located between the stomach and the proximal small intestine:
|
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
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180. List the 3 regions of the small intestine in sequence from proximal to distal:
|
DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM
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18. Describe the mesentery: Which organ does it bind to the posterior abdominal wall? What structures does it contain?
|
IT BINDS THE SMALL INTESTINE TO THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. IT CONTAINS BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS AND LYMPH NODES
|
|
179. In what part of the GI tract does most nutrient and fluid absorption occur? What structural characteristic allows this to occur?
|
THE SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE MUCOSAL SURFACE AREA
|
|
178. The gallbladder performs 2 functions. Name them:
|
BILE STORAGE AND BILE CONCENTRATION
|
|
177. Smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall contracts in response to which substance? During which phase of digestion is this substance secreted?
|
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK), INTESTINAL PHASE
|
|
176. What is the name of the mucosal folds in the gallbladder?
|
RUGAE
|
|
173. The liver hydroxylates cholecalciferol into an inactive precursor substance of what vitamin?
|
VITAMIN D
|
|
170. List 4 substances discussed in class that are produced or modified by the liver:
|
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR, HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR, ANGIOTENSINOGEN, THROMBOPOIETIN
|
|
17. The lesser omentum suspends 2 organs from the liver. Name them:
|
STOMACH AND DUODENUM
|
|
169. Name the duct that transports bile to and from the gallbladder:
|
CYSTIC DUCT
|
|
168. Between meals, bile accumulates and is stored in what structure? Why does this occur?
|
GALLBLADDER, THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI CLOSES BETWEEN MEALS. BILE IS CONTINUALLY PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES, SO IT IS STORED IN THE GALLBLADDER FOR FUTURE USE
|
|
167. List, in sequence, the ducts that bile flows through from the portal triads to the sphincter of Oddi:
|
BILE DUCTS, R AND L HEPATIC DUCTS, COMMON HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON BILE DUCT, SPHINCTER OF ODDI
|
|
166. Reference the question above: Name the structure that transports bile from the structure named above to bile ducts within portal triads:
|
BILE DUCTULES
|
|
165. Hepatocytes secrete bile into what structure?
|
BILE CANALICULI
|
|
164. Bile + lipids = ____________________
|
MICELLES
|
|
163. What is the primary function of bile salts? Why is this important?
|
EMULSIFICATION, BREAKS DOWN LARGER LIPID MOLECULES INTO SMALLER ONES INCREASING THE SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE ON LIPID MOLECULES FOR PANCREATIC LIPASE ACTIVITY
|
|
162. Name the substance that gives feces their characteristic brown color:
|
BILIVERDIN
|
|
16. What is the name of the peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall?
|
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
|
|
159. What is bile?
|
AN EXCRETORY PRODUCT AND A DIGESTIVE SECRETION CONTAINING WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
|
|
158. List the 3 structures located within a portal triad:
|
BILE DUCT, BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN, BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC ARTERY
|
|
157. Reference the question above: Pathologically increased blood pressure (portal hypertension) may cause a buildup of excess peritoneal fluid. What is the name of this condition?
|
ASCITES
|
|
156. What is the name of the vessel that transports blood out of the liver? What is the normal blood pressure within this vessel?
|
HEPATIC VEIN / 1 mmHg
|
|
155. Blood flowing from sinusoids enters what vessel within a liver lobule?
|
CENTRAL VEIN
|
|
154. What is the “first pass” effect?
|
NEWLY ABSORBED SUBSTANCES FROM THE GI TRACT ARE TAKEN UP BY HEPATOCYTES BEFORE THIS BLOOD CIRCULATES INTO THE REMAINDER OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
|
|
153. The liver is a common site for cancer metastases from the GI tract (especially). Explain why this occurs (hint: it has to do with blood flow):
|
BLOOD FLOW FROM THE GI TRACT IS TRANSPORTED DIRECTLY TO THE LIVER. SOME CANCER CELLS CAN ENTER THE BLOOD (I.E., FROM THE COLON) AND BECOME "LODGED" IN SINUSOIDS. A NEW CANCEROUS TUMOR WILL GROW IN THE LIVER.
|
|
152. Name the 2 vessels that transport blood to the liver and whether or not blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated:
|
PORTAL VEIN: DEOXYGENATED, HEPATIC ARTERY: OXYGENATED
|
|
150. What are spaces of Disse? Where are they located?
|
SPACES THAT CONTAIN INTERSTITIAL FLUID LOCATED AROUND THE SINUSOIDS
|
|
15. Describe the greater omentum: What structure is it attached to? It normally contains a large amount of what type of tissue? What function does it perform?
|
LARGEST PERITONEAL FOLD THAT HANGS DOWN LIKE AN APRON. IT IS ATTACHED TO THE TRANSVERSE COLON, AND IT CONTAINS ADIPOSE TISSUE. IT ALSO CONTAINS LYMPH NODES THAT FUNCTION TO CONTAIN AND COMBAT SOME GI TRACT INFECTIONS
|
|
149. Name the type of cell within liver lobules that is responsible for “cleaning up” and destroying old red blood cells, white blood cells, foreign matter, and bacteria:
|
KUPFFER CELLS
|
|
148. Name the highly permeable capillaries within liver lobules:
|
SINUSOIDS
|
|
147. Name the largest blood vessel within a liver lobule:
|
CENTRAL VEIN
|
|
144. Name the structure that works in tandem with the falciform ligament suspending the liver from the diaphragm:
|
CORONARY LIGAMENT
|
|
143. What is the name of the structure that is the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?
|
LIGAMENTUM TERES / ROUND LIGAMENT
|
|
140. At any given time, the liver contains approximately how much of a person’s total blood volume?
|
AROUND 8%
|
|
14. Describe the peritoneal cavity and explain why it is considered a potential space:
|
A NARROW SPACE BETWEEN THE PARIETAL AND VISCERAL PERITONEUM. THIS SPACE NORMALLY CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF SEROUS FLUID; HOWEVER, THIS SPACE HAS THE CAPABILITY TO HOLD SEVERAL LITERS OF FLUID PRODUCED IN CERTAIN PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS. THERE ARE NO ANATOMIC STRUCTURES THAT PREVENT EXPANSION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY
|
|
139. What is the primary function of trypsin inhibitor?
|
IT COMBINES WITH ANY TRYPSIN THAT FORMS INSIDE PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS BLOCKING ITS ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, THIS PREVENTS ACINAR CELL "DIGESTION"
|
|
138. What is the name of the substance that binds to bile enhancing pancreatic lipase activity on lipids in chyme?
|
COLIPASE
|
|
137. What is the function of pancreatic lipase?
|
HYDROLYSES DIETARY TRIGLYCERIDES INTO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FREE FATTY ACIDS
|
|
136. Which pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzes starch molecules in chyme? What is the final product of this reaction?
|
PANCREATIC AMYLASE, MALTOSE
|
|
135. What is the primary function of proteases?
|
PROTEIN DIGESTION
|
|
134. What is/are the function(s) of trypsin?
|
ACTIVATES MORE TRYPSINOGEN, ACTIVATES OTHER PROTEASES
|
|
131. What functions does pancreatic NaHCO3 perform in regard to digestion?
|
IT ACTS AS A BUFFER
|
|
130. Which pancreatic cell type comprises approximately 1% of pancreatic cells?
|
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
|
|
13. Which part of the peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
|
|
129. Bile and pancreatic juice can only enter the duodenum when this sphincter is open. What is the name of this sphincter?
|
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
|
|
128. What is the name of the short “passageway” that bile and pancreatic juice flow through just before they enter the duodenum?
|
AMPULLA OF VATER (HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA)
|
|
127. List the 3 regions of the pancreas:
|
HEAD, BODY, AND TAIL
|
|
126. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for GIP release?
|
PRESENCE OF GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS, AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHYME
|
|
125. Gastric inhibitory (insulinotropic) peptide (GIP) is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
124. What substance in pancreatic juice acts as a buffer for chyme in the small intestine?
|
BICARBONATE
|
|
123. List the functions of secretin:
|
STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC
|
|
122. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for secretin release?
|
PRESENCE OF ACIDIC CHYME IN THE DUODENUM
|
|
121. Secretin is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
S CELLS, LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
120. List the functions of CCK:
|
STIMULATES PANCREATIC ENZYME SECRETION, STIMULATES GALLBLADDER CONTRACTIONS THAT RELEASE BILE INTO THE DUODENUM, RELAXES THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI ALLOWING BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICE TO FLOW INTO THE DUODENUM, ENHANCES EFFECTS OF SECRETIN, CAUSES A SENSATION OF SATIETY
|
|
12. Which wall layer is the major absorptive and secretory layer?
|
MUCOSA
|
|
119. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for CCK release?
|
CHYME IN THE DUODENUM CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS
|
|
118. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
CCK CELLS LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
115. Reflexes slow the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. List 2 reasons why this is important:
|
PREVENTS OVERLOADING OF THE DUODENUM, AND ALLOWS MORE TIME FOR FOOD DIGESTION WITHIN THE SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
114. List 2 factors that determine the gastric emptying time:
|
QUANTITY OF FOOD INGESTED AND TYPE OF FOOD INGESTED
|
|
113. What is another name for the gastric emptying time?
|
TRANSIT TIME
|
|
112. Briefly explain what happens to gastrin and HCl secretion as gastric acidity increases:
|
GASTRIN AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION DECREASES (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL ON HCl SECRETION
|
|
111. What is the primary function of gastrin?
|
STIMULATES ECL SECRETION OF HISTAMINE (STIMULATES PROTON PUMP FUNCTION)
|
|
11. List the 3 layers of the mucosa IN ORDER from the lumen outward:
|
EPITHELIAL CELLS, LAMINA PROPRIA, MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
|
|
108. List 2 factors that increase gastric secretions:
|
STOMACH DIGESTION AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF CHYME
|
|
107. Can proton pump activity be inhibited pharmacologically?
|
YES-VIA PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS AND H2 BLOCKERS
|
|
106. Describe the alkaline tide:
|
BLOOD pH CAN TEMPORARILY INCREASE AFTER LARGE MEALS
|
|
105. Briefly explain what happens to HCO3- that is produced within the parietal cell:
|
HCO3 IN PARIETAL CELLS IS EXCHANGED FOR CHLORIDE IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID BY THE ACTION OF HCO3 / Cl- ANTIPORTERS IN THE BASAL CELL MEMBRANE. HCO3 DIFFUSES INTO NEARBY BLOOD VESSELS.
|
|
102. What prevents H+ from diffusing back into parietal cells down its concentration gradient?
|
TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN MUCOSAL CELLS
|
|
10. The submucosa layer contains a nerve plexus. Name it:
|
SUBMUCOSAL NERVE PLEXUS
|
|
1. List 2 ways that appetite and hunger are stimulated:
|
SENSORY INPUT, LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION
|
|
151. How many cell layers thick are hepatic plates? Why is this important?
|
EITHER 1 TO 2 CELLS, SINUSOIDS MUST BE LOCATED VERY CLOSE TO HEPATOCYTES SO SUBSTANCES AND GASES CAN MOVE FREELY TO AND FROM THE BLOOD TO HEPATOCYTES. VIRTUALLY EVERY HEPATOCYTE IS LOCATED ADJACENT TO A SINUSOID
|
|
91. Mixing waves are most vigorous in which part of the stomach?
|
PYLORUS
|
|
185. Microvilli are also known as the brush border. What substances are contained in the cell membrane that digests many types of food molecules?
|
(BRUSH BORDER) ENZYMES
|
|
29. Reference the question above: Name the 2 types of receptors contained within these structures:
|
GUSTATION (TASTE), AND TOUCH
|
|
28. What is the name of the projections of the lamina propria on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue?
|
PAPILLAE
|
|
116. What event initiates the enterogastric reflex?
|
DUODENAL DISTENTION WITH CHYME
|
|
117. Reference the question above: How is sympathetic nervous system output to the stomach affected? How is parasympathetic output to the stomach affected?
|
SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT TO THE STOMACH INCREASES, PARASYMPATHETIC OUTPUT TO THE STOMACH DECREASES, THE NET RESULT = DECREASED GASTRIC MOTILITY
|
|
231. Approximately how much water (in ml) remains in the large intestine after maximal osmosis has occurred?
|
100 - 200 mL
|
|
133. Reference the question above: Name the intestinal brush border enzyme that activates trypsinogen:
|
ENTEROKINASE
|
|
132. List 3 inactive zymogens in pancreatic juice that, when activated, become proteases:
|
TRYPSINOGEN, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, PROELASTASE
|
|
141. What is the name of the structure that divides the liver into right and left lobes?
|
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
|
|
142. Reference the question above: What other function does this structure have?
|
SUSPENDS THE LIVER FROM THE DIAPHRAGM
|
|
145. Liver lobules are composed of specialized epithelial cells. Name them:
|
HEPATOCYTES
|
|
146. Reference the question above: List 3 functions that these cells perform:
|
HORMONE AND DRUG METABOLISM, CLEAR WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD, PRODUCE BILE
|
|
160. Name the principle bile pigment:
|
BILIRUBIN
|
|
161. Reference the question above: What portion/part of hemoglobin does this pigment come from?
|
HEME
|
|
172. Reference the question above: All but one of the vitamins is fat soluble. Which one is water soluble?
|
B12
|
|
171. List the vitamins stored within the liver:
|
B12, A, K, E, D
|
|
174. List the 3 regions of the gallbladder:
|
FUNDUS, BODY, NECK
|
|
175. Reference the question above: Which region projects most inferiorly? Why is this important?
|
FUNDUS, SO STORED BILE WILL NOT LEAK OUT
|
|
198. Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins discussed in class:
|
D, A, K, E
|
|
199. Reference the question above: These vitamins commonly absorbed with what other substance?
|
LIPIDS
|
|
30. Name the 3 parts of the pharynx:
|
NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYNX
|
|
31. Reference the question above: Which 2 parts are involved in both respiratory and digestive functions?
|
OROPHARYNX AND LARYNGOPHARYNX
|
|
205. Reference the question above: From which region is the vermiform appendix attached?
|
CECUM
|
|
204. List, in sequence, the 4 major regions of the large intestine:
|
CECUM, COLON, RECTUM, ANAL CANAL
|
|
206. List, in sequence, the 4 segments of the colon:
|
ASCENDING, TRANSVERSE, DESCENDING, SIGMOID
|
|
207. Reference the question above: Which segment projects medially to the midline and terminates at the rectum?
|
SIGMOID
|
|
213. Reference the question above: What structures are contained within the folds?
|
A NETWORK OF VEINS AND ARTERIES
|
|
212. Name the longitudinal mucosal folds located in the anal canal:
|
ANAL COLUMNS
|
|
214. Reference the question above: What medical condition occurs if these structures are abnormally dilated?
|
HEMORRHOIDS
|
|
217. The large intestinal mucosa is composed of 2 types of epithelial cells. Name them:
|
ABSORPTIVE AND GOBLET
|
|
218. Reference the question above: Where are these cells located?
|
IN CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
223. Name the structure that regulates passage of chyme from the ileum into the cecum:
|
ILEOCECAL VALVE (ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER)
|
|
224. Reference the question above: Does this structure remain completely closed when chyme is not passing through? Why or why not?
|
NO, IT NORMALLY REMAINS PARTIALLY OPEN WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT EATING ALLOWING VERY SLOW PASSAGE OF CHYME. THIS ALLOWS ADEQUATE DEHYDRATION OF CHYME FORMING FECES
|
|
183. Each question below describes 1 of 4 different structures within the small intestine that comprise the digestive and absorptive surface:
|
|
|
(1) Which structure enhances mechanical digestion?
|
CIRCULAR FOLDS
|
|
(3) Which structure is lined with several types of epithelial cells?
|
CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
(2) Which structure is composed of projections of the apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells?
|
MICROVILLI
|
|
(4) Which structure is composed of fingerlike mucosal projections?
|
VILLI
|
|
216. For each anal sphincter, identify if it is composed of smooth muscle or skeletal muscle:
|
|
|
(1) External:
|
SKELETAL MUSCLE
|
|
(2) Internal:
|
SMOOTH MUSCLE
|
|
47. Name 2 effects that the sympathetic nervous system has on GI tract function:
|
DECREASES SECRETIONS, AND DECREASES MOTILITY
|
|
48. Reference the question above: Briefly explain why it is important that these changes in GI tract function occur:
|
DURING THE "FLIGHT OR FLIGHT" RESPONSE, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT MOST BLOOD FLOW TO THE GI TRACT BE DIVERTED TO EXERCISING SKELETAL MUSCLES AND OTHER TISSUES THAT REQUIRE MORE BLOOD FLOW
|
|
58. List the 3 stages of swallowing:
|
ORAL, PHARYNGEAL, AND ESOPHAGEAL
|
|
59. Reference the question above: During which stage does the epiglottis close off the trachea?
|
PHARYNGEAL
|
|
67. Chyme is propelled through the small intestine via 2 mechanisms. Name them:
|
PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATIONS
|
|
68. Reference the question above: Which mechanism is the most frequent type of smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine?
|
SEGMENTATIONS
|
|
85. Name the substance that is trapped by the mucous layer at the epithelial cell surface of the stomach:
|
HCO3-
|
|
86. Reference the question above: What is the function of this substance?
|
KEEPING THE pH NEAREST THE EPITHELIUM AT APPROXIMATELY 7.0
|
|
100. Name the active transport mechanism responsible for secretion of H+ and Cl- into the gastric lumen:
|
PROTON PUMP
|
|
101. Reference the question above: Name 2 “stimulators” of this mechanism:
|
VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION AND GASTRIN
|
|
103. Briefly explain how H+ is produced in parietal cells:
|
CARBONIC ACID IMMEDIATELY DISSOCIATES INTO H+ AND HCO3-
|
|
104. Reference the question above: Name the enzyme catalyst:
|
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
|
|
109. Gastrin is secreted from which type of gastric cell?
|
G CELLS
|
|
110. Reference the question above: What stimulates gastrin secretion?
|
THE PRESENCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTED PROTEINS
|
|
99. Briefly explain histamine function:
|
IT STIMULATES NEARBY PARIETAL CELLS TO SECRETE H+ AND Cl- INTO THE STOMACH LUMEN
|
|
98. Histamine is released from what cell type?
|
ECL CELLS
|
|
97. Pepsin activity is most effective in a HIGH or LOW pH?
|
LOW
|
|
96. Pepsin digests what substance(s)?
|
PROTEINS
|
|
95. Pepsinogen is released from what gastric cell type?
|
CHIEF CELLS
|
|
94. The sight, smell, or thought of food stimulates release of what neurotransmitter substance?
|
ACh
|
|
93. What substance in gastric juice inactivates salivary amylase?
|
HYRDROCHLORIC ACID
|
|
92. Once food mixes with gastric juice, lingual lipase activity begins. What activates lingual lipase?
|
THE LOW pH IN THE STOMACH
|
|
90. Swallowed food is stored in which part of the stomach until it mixes with gastric juice?
|
FUNDUS
|
|
9. In which wall layer is the myenteric nerve plexus located?
|
MUSCULARIS
|
|
89. Gastrin is secreted from which gastric gland cell?
|
G CELLS
|
|
88. Name the gastric gland cell that secretes histamine:
|
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) CELLS
|
|
87. Name 2 substances secreted by chief cells:
|
PEPSINOGEN AND GASTRIC LIPASE
|
|
84. How thick is the mucous layer overlying the gastric mucosa?
|
ABOUT 1-3 MM
|
|
83. Name 2 substances secreted by parietal cells:
|
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
|
|
82. What is the name of the small openings that arise from within gastric mucosal folds?
|
GASTRIC PITS
|
|
81. Describe stomach rugae:
|
VISIBLE MUCOSAL FOLDS THAT INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA
|
|
80. What is the name of the convex lateral border of the stomach?
|
GREATER CURVATURE
|
|
8. Which wall layer is known as the visceral peritoneum?
|
SEROSA
|
|
79. What is the name of the concave medial border of the stomach?
|
LESSER CURVATURE
|
|
78. Name the 3 parts of the pylorus from most proximal to most distal:
|
PYLORIC ANTRUM, PYLORIC CANAL, PYLORIC SPHINCTER
|
|
77. List the 4 regions of the stomach from the most superior aspect to the most inferior aspect:
|
CARDIA, FUNDUS, BODY, PYLORUS
|
|
76. In the stomach, starch digestion continues via the action of which enzyme?
|
SALIVARY AMYLASE
|
|
75. Name 2 major functions of the stomach:
|
MIXING AND HOLDING CHAMBER
|
|
74. Which type of diarrhea is most common?
|
OSMOTIC
|
|
73. What is another name for reverse peristalsis?
|
VOMITING
|
|
72. How often does mass peristalsis occur?
|
OCCURS 1-4 TIMES DAILY (VARIES BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGY REFERENCES)
|
|
71. What is the stimulus for mass peristalsis?
|
WHEN ACTIVE DIGESTION IS OCCURING IN THE UPPER GI TRACT
|
|
70. Where does segmental propulsion occur? How is forward movement of chyme affected?
|
LARGE INTESTINE, FORWARD MOVEMENT IS VERY SLOW BECAUSE THE PURPOSE OF SEGMENTAL PROPULSION IS TO ALLOW DEHYDRATION OF CHYME
|
|
7. Smooth muscle of the muscularis is divided into 2 layers based on how the muscle is oriented. In which direction is each muscle layer oriented? Why is this significant?
|
LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR, CONTRACTIONS OF CIRCULAR MUSCLE MIX GI CONCENTRATIONS LOCALLY WHILE CONTRACTIONS OF LONGITUDINAL MUSCLES PROPEL GI CONTENTS FORWARD THROUGH THE TRACT
|
|
69. What causes peristaltic rushes?
|
CERTAIN BACTERIA OR IRRITANTS WITHIN THE INTESTINAL LUMEN
|
|
66. What is the stimulus for receptive relaxation of the duodenum?
|
VAGALLY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF VIP
|
|
65. What is chyme?
|
GASTRIC SECRETIONS MIXED WITH INGESTED FOOD
|
|
64. Name the 2 luminal receptors in the gastric wall that stimulate mixing contractions:
|
MECHANORECEPTORS AND CHEMORECEPTORS
|
|
63. Briefly describe receptive relaxation of the stomach:
|
AS THE FOOD BOLUS ENTERS THE STOMACH, VAGALLY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF VIP RELAXES GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE
|
|
62. Briefly explain how the LES relaxes as a food bolus approaches:
|
VAGAL RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE AND VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) VIA IMPULSES SENT FROM MECHANORECEPTORS IN THE ESOPHAGEAL WALL
|
|
61. When/why does secondary esophageal peristalsis occur?
|
THEY OCCUR IF ESOPHAGEAL SMOOTH MUSCLE IS STRETCHED BY A LARGE, DRY FOOD BOLUS AND THEY ASSIST PRIMARY ESOPHAGEAL PERISTALSIS IN MOVING THE FOOD BOLUS INTO THE STOMACH
|
|
60. The swallowing center in the medulla stimulates what type of esophageal peristalsis?
|
PRIMARY
|
|
6. List the 4 wall layers of the GI tract IN ORDER from the lumen to external surface:
|
MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, MUSCULARIS, SEROSA
|
|
57. Briefly describe migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs):
|
CONTRACTILE WAVES OF SHORT DURATION THAT PROPEL UNDIGESTED MATERIAL AND BACTERIA OUT OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE INTO THE COLON DURING FASTING PERIODS. THEY ORIGINATE IN THE MID-STOMACH AND TERMINATE WITHIN THE TERMINAL ILEUM
|
|
56. Name 2 substances released by inhibitory motor neurons that cause smooth muscle relaxation:
|
NITRIC OXIDE AND VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)
|
|
55. Name 2 hormones that cause smooth muscle contraction:
|
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) AND GASTRIN
|
|
54. Name 2 parasympathetic neurotransmitter substances that cause smooth muscle contraction:
|
ACETYLCHOLINE AND SUBSTANCE P
|
|
53. What must occur to the resting membrane potential of smooth muscle fibers to cause contraction?
|
DEPOLARIZATION
|
|
52. What are slow waves? Where are they generated?
|
UNDULATIONS IN RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL THAT DO NOT CAUSE MUSCLE CONTRACTION. THEY ARE GENERATED BY INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL LOCATED BETWEEN THE 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS OF THE MUSCULARIS
|
|
51. What is a specific electrical characteristic of GI tract smooth muscle?
|
SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS DO NOT HAVE A STABLE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
|
|
50. Describe the function of luminal chemoreceptors:
|
THEY SENSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INGESTED FOOD AND FLUIDS
|
|
5. List 2 functions of lymphatic capillaries in the GI tract:
|
LIPID ABSORPTION (SM INTESTINE) AND FLUID AND PROTEIN ABSORPTION (LIVER)
|
|
49. Describe the function of luminal mechanoreceptors:
|
THEY SENSE WALL STRETCHING CAUSED BY INGESTED FOOD AND FLUIDS
|
|
46. What is the name of the nerves that supply parasympathetic fibers to most of the GI tract?
|
VAGUS
|
|
45. Name 2 effects that the parasympathetic nervous system has on GI tract function:
|
INCREASES SECRETIONS, AND INCREASES MOTALITY
|
|
44. The ENS receives neural input from what receptor type?
|
LUMINAL
|
|
43. Describe the function of Meissner’s plexus:
|
REGULATES LOCAL GI TRACT SECRETIONS
|
|
42. Describe the function of Auerbach’s plexus:
|
REGULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND RELAXATIONS THAT MIXES AND PROPELS GI CONTENTS
|
|
41. Does function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) require input from the autonomic nervous system? YES NO
|
NO
|
|
40. What is the name of the external layer of the esophageal wall?
|
ADVENTITIA
|
|
4. Blood is transported away from the intestines and to the liver via which vessel(s)?
|
PORTAL VEIN
|
|
39. Describe the Z line:
|
IT DELINEATES THE JUNCTION OF THE GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
|
|
38. What is the function of the LES?
|
REGULATES FOOD MOVEMENT FROM THE ESOPHAGUS INTO THE STOMACH
|
|
37. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is formed by which tissue layer of the esophageal wall?
|
MUSCULARIS
|
|
36. Why are mucous cells more numerous in the distal esophagus?
|
THEIR SECRETIONS PROTECT THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS FROM VERY ACIDIC GASTRIC SECRETIONS
|
|
35. Describe a hiatal hernia:
|
A PROTRUSION OF A PORTION OF THE CARDIA OR FUNDUS OF THE STOMACH THROUGH THE ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS INTO THE CHEST CAVITY
|
|
34. The esophagus pierces the diaphragm through what structure?
|
ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS
|
|
33. The esophagus passes through the thorax within what structure?
|
MEDIASTINUM
|
|
32. Is the esophagus located anterior or posterior to the trachea? Why is this important?
|
POSTERIOR, C-SHAPED TRACHEAL CARTILAGE SEGMENTS ALLOW THE ESOPHAGUS TO EXPAND ANDTERIORLY DURING SWALLOWING (YOU CANNOT SWALLOW AND BREATHE AT THE SAME TIME)
|
|
3. Name the arteries that transport blood to the GI tract (the intestines):
|
SPLANCHNIC BED (SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES)
|
|
27. Name the groove on the surface of the tongue that divides it into R and L halves:
|
MEDIAN SEPTUM
|
|
26. Describe the lingual frenulum and its function:
|
IT IS A MUCOSAL FOLD I THE MIDLINE OF THE UNDERSURFACE OF THE TONGUE. IT LIMITS POSTERIOR MOVEMENT OF THE TONGUE
|
|
25. Which part of the autonomic nervous system stimulates salivation?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC
|
|
24. What ultimately happens to most of the water in saliva?
|
IT IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD FROM THE GI TRACT
|
|
234. Normally, feces are not expelled until a time that a person decides is appropriate. What must occur at that time for feces to be expelled?
|
THE INDIVIDUAL MUST VOLUNTARILY RELAX THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
|
|
233. Once feces enter the rectum, mechanoreceptors are stimulated. Name the reflex:
|
DEFECATION REFLEX
|
|
232. Name the mechanism that pushes fecal material into the rectum:
|
MASS PERISTALSIS
|
|
230. Are enzymes secreted in the large intestine? YES NO Why?
|
NO, MOST DIGESTION OCCURRED IN THE SMALL INTESTINE + THE LARGE INTESTINE MUCOSA DOES NOT POSSESS ENZYME-SECRETING CELLS
|
|
23. Saliva contains 2 enzymes. Name them:
|
LINGUAL LIPASE AND SALIVARY AMYLASE (PTYALIN)
|
|
229. What digestive role do bacteria play within the colon lumen?
|
CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION
|
|
228. Briefly describe the gastrocolic reflex:
|
FOOD ENTERING THE STOMACH STIMULATES MASS PERISTALSIS 1 - 4 TIMES DAILY. THIS MECHANISM INSURES THAT THE COLON IS EVACUATED MAKING ROOM FOR MORE CHYME AND FECES FORMATION
|
|
227. When do colon movements begin?
|
WHEN GI CONTENTS PASS THROUGH THE ILEOCECAL VALVE
|
|
226. Name the reflex that occurs after a meal that intensifies peristalsis in the ileum forcing chyme into the cecum:
|
GASTROILEAL REFLEX
|
|
225. Name the hormone that relaxes and opens the ileocecal valve:
|
GASTRIN
|
|
222. Identify the small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat that “hang” from the external surface of the colon:
|
EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES
|
|
221. Briefly describe teniae coli:
|
IT IS MADE OF 3 LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE BANDS ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE COLON
|
|
220. Name the structures formed by the muscularis layer that give the colon a “puckered” appearance:
|
HAUSTRA
|
|
22. Name the salivary glands located in the tongue:
|
LINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS
|
|
219. Name the structures that increase the absorptive surface area of the large intestine:
|
MICROVILLI
|
|
215. What structure delineates the distal extent of the anal columns and the proximal edge of the anoderm?
|
DENTATE LINE (AKA PECTINATE LINE)
|
|
211. What is the primary function of the rectum?
|
FECES STORAGE PRIOR TO ELIMINATION
|
|
210. Why is it important to know about the flexures named above? [hint: this adverse event may occur during a colonoscopy (a type of endoscopy) if the person performing the procedure is too aggressive when advancing the endoscope through the large bowel]:
|
THE DEGREE OF FLEXION PREDISPOSES TO COLON PERFORATION IF THE ENDOSCOPE IS ADVANCED TOO RAPIDLY. GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN ADVANCING THE ENDOSCOPE THROUGH BOTH FLEXURES
|
|
21. List the names of the 3 major salivary glands:
|
PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, SUBLINGUAL
|
|
209. Describe the splenic flexure:
|
A FLEXED AREA OF THE COLON BETWEEN THE TRANSVERSE COLON AND DESCENDING COLON
|
|
208. Describe the hepatic flexure:
|
A FLEXED AREA OF THE COLON BETWEEN THE ASCENDING AND TRANSVERSE COLON
|
|
203. List the 3 primary functions carried out by the large intestine:
|
COMPLETION OF NUTRIENT ABSORPTION, VITAMIN PRODUCTION (SOME), FECES FORMATION AND EXCRETION
|
|
202. Normally an osmotic balance is maintained between the water in the small bowel lumen and the blood. Name 3 substances commonly absorbed from the small bowel that create an osmotic gradient that favors water absorption:
|
ELECTROLYTES, AMINO ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES
|
|
201. What is the approximate percentage of water absorption in the small intestine? This equates to how many liters per day?
|
ABOUT 90% / 9.2 L/DAY
|
|
200. What substance must vitamin B12 combine with before it can be absorbed from the small intestine?
|
INTRINSIC FACTOR
|
|
20. What are the 4 major functions of saliva?
|
LUBRICATION, COOLS FOOD AND LIQUIDS, PROVIDES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, AND PROTECTS THE GI TRACT VIA IgA, WBCs, AND OPSONINS
|
|
2. Name the GI tract hormone responsible for the feeling of fullness we experience after a meal:
|
LEPTIN
|
|
197. Approximately how much iron is absorbed in the small intestine per day?
|
APPROXIMATELY 1 MG
|
|
196. Absorbed iron (from hemoglobin or myoglobin, or absorbed as free iron) is transported from enterocytes into surrounding blood capillaries. What substance within the blood binds iron?
|
TRANSFERRIN
|
|
195. What substance regulates absorption of dietary calcium?
|
ACTIVE VITAMIN D (1, 25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL)
|
|
194. Dietary calcium enters the enterocytes down a concentration gradient. What intracellular substance maintains this concentration gradient? How does this substance work?
|
CALBINDIN, CALBINDIN MEDIATES CALCIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CYTOSOL OF THE ENTEROCYTE WITHOUT RAISING THE (NORMALLY) VERY LOW INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM CONCENTRATION
|
|
193. Briefly explain how chylomicrons enter the systemic blood circulation:
|
THEY ARE TOO LARGE TO ENTER THE CAPILLARIES IN VILLI, THEY ARE ABLE TO ENTER LACTEALS, LYMPH FLUID CONTAINING CHYLOMICRONS IS "DUMPED" INTO THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD CIRCULATION AT THE JUNCTION OF THE LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
|
|
192. Name the group of brush border enzymes that digest proteins:
|
PEPTIDASES
|
|
191. What is cellulose? What function does it serve within the large intestine?
|
AN UNDIGESTIBLE GLUCOSE POLYMER, "HOLDS" WATER IN THE LUMEN OF THE LARGE INTESTINE RESULTING IN SOFTER FECES AND ALSO PROVIDES "BULK" TO FECES
|
|
190. Name the group of brush border enzymes that digest carbohydrates:
|
POLYSACCHARIDASES
|
|
19. What is the name of the peritoneal fold that binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
|
MESOCOLON
|
|
189. Except for part of the duodenum, this tissue layer completely surrounds the small intestine. Name it:
|
THE SEROSA (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
|
|
188. Describe Brunner’s glands:
|
SMALL SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS THAT SECRETE AN ALKALINE MUCOUS
|
|
187. Describe Peyer’s patches:
|
AGGREGATES OF LYMPH NODULES LOCATED PRIMARILY IN THE MUCOSAL LAYER OF THE ILEUM
|
|
186. Name the tissue within the small intestinal mucosa that generates immune responses:
|
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE
|
|
184. Villi have a core of lamina propria containing several structures. Name them:
|
ARTERIOLE, VENULE, BLOOD CAPILLARY NETWORK, LACTEAL
|
|
182. Name the sphincter located between the distal small intestine and the proximal large intestine:
|
ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER (VALVE)
|
|
181. Name the sphincter located between the stomach and the proximal small intestine:
|
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
|
|
180. List the 3 regions of the small intestine in sequence from proximal to distal:
|
DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM
|
|
18. Describe the mesentery: Which organ does it bind to the posterior abdominal wall? What structures does it contain?
|
IT BINDS THE SMALL INTESTINE TO THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. IT CONTAINS BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS AND LYMPH NODES
|
|
179. In what part of the GI tract does most nutrient and fluid absorption occur? What structural characteristic allows this to occur?
|
THE SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE MUCOSAL SURFACE AREA
|
|
178. The gallbladder performs 2 functions. Name them:
|
BILE STORAGE AND BILE CONCENTRATION
|
|
177. Smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall contracts in response to which substance? During which phase of digestion is this substance secreted?
|
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK), INTESTINAL PHASE
|
|
176. What is the name of the mucosal folds in the gallbladder?
|
RUGAE
|
|
173. The liver hydroxylates cholecalciferol into an inactive precursor substance of what vitamin?
|
VITAMIN D
|
|
170. List 4 substances discussed in class that are produced or modified by the liver:
|
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR, HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR, ANGIOTENSINOGEN, THROMBOPOIETIN
|
|
17. The lesser omentum suspends 2 organs from the liver. Name them:
|
STOMACH AND DUODENUM
|
|
169. Name the duct that transports bile to and from the gallbladder:
|
CYSTIC DUCT
|
|
168. Between meals, bile accumulates and is stored in what structure? Why does this occur?
|
GALLBLADDER, THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI CLOSES BETWEEN MEALS. BILE IS CONTINUALLY PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES, SO IT IS STORED IN THE GALLBLADDER FOR FUTURE USE
|
|
167. List, in sequence, the ducts that bile flows through from the portal triads to the sphincter of Oddi:
|
BILE DUCTS, R AND L HEPATIC DUCTS, COMMON HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON BILE DUCT, SPHINCTER OF ODDI
|
|
166. Reference the question above: Name the structure that transports bile from the structure named above to bile ducts within portal triads:
|
BILE DUCTULES
|
|
165. Hepatocytes secrete bile into what structure?
|
BILE CANALICULI
|
|
164. Bile + lipids = ____________________
|
MICELLES
|
|
163. What is the primary function of bile salts? Why is this important?
|
EMULSIFICATION, BREAKS DOWN LARGER LIPID MOLECULES INTO SMALLER ONES INCREASING THE SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE ON LIPID MOLECULES FOR PANCREATIC LIPASE ACTIVITY
|
|
162. Name the substance that gives feces their characteristic brown color:
|
BILIVERDIN
|
|
16. What is the name of the peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall?
|
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
|
|
159. What is bile?
|
AN EXCRETORY PRODUCT AND A DIGESTIVE SECRETION CONTAINING WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
|
|
158. List the 3 structures located within a portal triad:
|
BILE DUCT, BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN, BRANCH OF THE HEPATIC ARTERY
|
|
157. Reference the question above: Pathologically increased blood pressure (portal hypertension) may cause a buildup of excess peritoneal fluid. What is the name of this condition?
|
ASCITES
|
|
156. What is the name of the vessel that transports blood out of the liver? What is the normal blood pressure within this vessel?
|
HEPATIC VEIN / 1 mmHg
|
|
155. Blood flowing from sinusoids enters what vessel within a liver lobule?
|
CENTRAL VEIN
|
|
154. What is the “first pass” effect?
|
NEWLY ABSORBED SUBSTANCES FROM THE GI TRACT ARE TAKEN UP BY HEPATOCYTES BEFORE THIS BLOOD CIRCULATES INTO THE REMAINDER OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
|
|
153. The liver is a common site for cancer metastases from the GI tract (especially). Explain why this occurs (hint: it has to do with blood flow):
|
BLOOD FLOW FROM THE GI TRACT IS TRANSPORTED DIRECTLY TO THE LIVER. SOME CANCER CELLS CAN ENTER THE BLOOD (I.E., FROM THE COLON) AND BECOME "LODGED" IN SINUSOIDS. A NEW CANCEROUS TUMOR WILL GROW IN THE LIVER.
|
|
152. Name the 2 vessels that transport blood to the liver and whether or not blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated:
|
PORTAL VEIN: DEOXYGENATED, HEPATIC ARTERY: OXYGENATED
|
|
150. What are spaces of Disse? Where are they located?
|
SPACES THAT CONTAIN INTERSTITIAL FLUID LOCATED AROUND THE SINUSOIDS
|
|
15. Describe the greater omentum: What structure is it attached to? It normally contains a large amount of what type of tissue? What function does it perform?
|
LARGEST PERITONEAL FOLD THAT HANGS DOWN LIKE AN APRON. IT IS ATTACHED TO THE TRANSVERSE COLON, AND IT CONTAINS ADIPOSE TISSUE. IT ALSO CONTAINS LYMPH NODES THAT FUNCTION TO CONTAIN AND COMBAT SOME GI TRACT INFECTIONS
|
|
149. Name the type of cell within liver lobules that is responsible for “cleaning up” and destroying old red blood cells, white blood cells, foreign matter, and bacteria:
|
KUPFFER CELLS
|
|
148. Name the highly permeable capillaries within liver lobules:
|
SINUSOIDS
|
|
147. Name the largest blood vessel within a liver lobule:
|
CENTRAL VEIN
|
|
144. Name the structure that works in tandem with the falciform ligament suspending the liver from the diaphragm:
|
CORONARY LIGAMENT
|
|
143. What is the name of the structure that is the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?
|
LIGAMENTUM TERES / ROUND LIGAMENT
|
|
140. At any given time, the liver contains approximately how much of a person’s total blood volume?
|
AROUND 8%
|
|
14. Describe the peritoneal cavity and explain why it is considered a potential space:
|
A NARROW SPACE BETWEEN THE PARIETAL AND VISCERAL PERITONEUM. THIS SPACE NORMALLY CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF SEROUS FLUID; HOWEVER, THIS SPACE HAS THE CAPABILITY TO HOLD SEVERAL LITERS OF FLUID PRODUCED IN CERTAIN PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS. THERE ARE NO ANATOMIC STRUCTURES THAT PREVENT EXPANSION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY
|
|
139. What is the primary function of trypsin inhibitor?
|
IT COMBINES WITH ANY TRYPSIN THAT FORMS INSIDE PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS BLOCKING ITS ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, THIS PREVENTS ACINAR CELL "DIGESTION"
|
|
138. What is the name of the substance that binds to bile enhancing pancreatic lipase activity on lipids in chyme?
|
COLIPASE
|
|
137. What is the function of pancreatic lipase?
|
HYDROLYSES DIETARY TRIGLYCERIDES INTO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FREE FATTY ACIDS
|
|
136. Which pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzes starch molecules in chyme? What is the final product of this reaction?
|
PANCREATIC AMYLASE, MALTOSE
|
|
135. What is the primary function of proteases?
|
PROTEIN DIGESTION
|
|
134. What is/are the function(s) of trypsin?
|
ACTIVATES MORE TRYPSINOGEN, ACTIVATES OTHER PROTEASES
|
|
131. What functions does pancreatic NaHCO3 perform in regard to digestion?
|
IT ACTS AS A BUFFER
|
|
130. Which pancreatic cell type comprises approximately 1% of pancreatic cells?
|
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
|
|
13. Which part of the peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
|
|
129. Bile and pancreatic juice can only enter the duodenum when this sphincter is open. What is the name of this sphincter?
|
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
|
|
128. What is the name of the short “passageway” that bile and pancreatic juice flow through just before they enter the duodenum?
|
AMPULLA OF VATER (HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA)
|
|
127. List the 3 regions of the pancreas:
|
HEAD, BODY, AND TAIL
|
|
126. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for GIP release?
|
PRESENCE OF GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS, AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHYME
|
|
125. Gastric inhibitory (insulinotropic) peptide (GIP) is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
124. What substance in pancreatic juice acts as a buffer for chyme in the small intestine?
|
BICARBONATE
|
|
123. List the functions of secretin:
|
STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC
|
|
122. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for secretin release?
|
PRESENCE OF ACIDIC CHYME IN THE DUODENUM
|
|
121. Secretin is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
S CELLS, LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
120. List the functions of CCK:
|
STIMULATES PANCREATIC ENZYME SECRETION, STIMULATES GALLBLADDER CONTRACTIONS THAT RELEASE BILE INTO THE DUODENUM, RELAXES THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI ALLOWING BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICE TO FLOW INTO THE DUODENUM, ENHANCES EFFECTS OF SECRETIN, CAUSES A SENSATION OF SATIETY
|
|
12. Which wall layer is the major absorptive and secretory layer?
|
MUCOSA
|
|
119. What is/are the stimulus/stimuli for CCK release?
|
CHYME IN THE DUODENUM CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS
|
|
118. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by what duodenal cell type? Where are these cells located?
|
CCK CELLS LOCATED IN THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKÜHN
|
|
115. Reflexes slow the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. List 2 reasons why this is important:
|
PREVENTS OVERLOADING OF THE DUODENUM, AND ALLOWS MORE TIME FOR FOOD DIGESTION WITHIN THE SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
114. List 2 factors that determine the gastric emptying time:
|
QUANTITY OF FOOD INGESTED AND TYPE OF FOOD INGESTED
|
|
113. What is another name for the gastric emptying time?
|
TRANSIT TIME
|
|
112. Briefly explain what happens to gastrin and HCl secretion as gastric acidity increases:
|
GASTRIN AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION DECREASES (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL ON HCl SECRETION
|
|
111. What is the primary function of gastrin?
|
STIMULATES ECL SECRETION OF HISTAMINE (STIMULATES PROTON PUMP FUNCTION)
|
|
11. List the 3 layers of the mucosa IN ORDER from the lumen outward:
|
EPITHELIAL CELLS, LAMINA PROPRIA, MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
|
|
108. List 2 factors that increase gastric secretions:
|
STOMACH DIGESTION AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF CHYME
|
|
107. Can proton pump activity be inhibited pharmacologically?
|
YES-VIA PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS AND H2 BLOCKERS
|
|
106. Describe the alkaline tide:
|
BLOOD pH CAN TEMPORARILY INCREASE AFTER LARGE MEALS
|
|
105. Briefly explain what happens to HCO3- that is produced within the parietal cell:
|
HCO3 IN PARIETAL CELLS IS EXCHANGED FOR CHLORIDE IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID BY THE ACTION OF HCO3 / Cl- ANTIPORTERS IN THE BASAL CELL MEMBRANE. HCO3 DIFFUSES INTO NEARBY BLOOD VESSELS.
|
|
102. What prevents H+ from diffusing back into parietal cells down its concentration gradient?
|
TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN MUCOSAL CELLS
|
|
10. The submucosa layer contains a nerve plexus. Name it:
|
SUBMUCOSAL NERVE PLEXUS
|
|
1. List 2 ways that appetite and hunger are stimulated:
|
SENSORY INPUT, LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION
|
