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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a lobe formed by?
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by lung CT partitioning each lobe into smaller and smaller compartments
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what lobule is the finest compartment?
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pulmonary lobule
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what is trabeculae?
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CT of lungs
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what is the conducting zone?
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ends with terminal bronchioles that deliver air to a single pulmonary lobule and branches to form respiratory bronchioles
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what is the respiratory zone?
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begins with respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar duct to the alveolar sac
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what is an alveolar sac?
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cluster of alveoli with shared common opening
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what are type I alveolar cells?
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pneumocytes; gas exchange; most numerous cells that make up alveolar wall
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what are type II alveolar cells?
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septal cells; secrete sufactant
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what is the surfactant from type II alveolar cells?
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lipid secretion which decreases surface tension created by the gas/water interphase
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what are the four accessory component/structures of the alveoli?
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1. alveolar pores
2. elastic fibers 3. macrophages 4. capillary network |
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what are alveolar pores?
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pores of kohn- holes between each alveolar cell
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what do alveolar pores do?
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equilize pressure and provide alternate gas route
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what function do the macrophages play in alveoli?
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theyre within the alveolar sac; "dust cells"
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where is the capillary network of the alveoli?
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on the outside
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what three things does the respiratory membrane consist of?
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1. alveoli type I cells
2. capillary endothelial cells 3. fused basal laminae |
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what are the three thoracic components?
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1. pleural membranes
2. rib cage 3. diaphram and intercostal muscles |
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what are the pleural membranes?
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double layered serous membrane
-visceral is attached to outter lung -parietal is inside of cavity |
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what does the visceral and parietal pleura produce?
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serious fluid that allows:
1. allows sliding of membranes on each other, reduces friction 2. reists separation of lungs from thoracic wall |
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what divides lung into lobes and segments?
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visceral pleura and CT
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what is the function of the diaphram and intercostal muscles?
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pulmonary ventilation: suctioning air 'in'
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what is pulmonary ventilation?
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inhalation and exhalation of air between atmosphere and lung alveoli
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what is boyle's law?
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pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the container volume; the smaller the volume the higher the pressure
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what must happen with the pressure to inspire during inhalation?
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pressure inside alveoli must be lower than atmospheric pressure
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what are the four steps of inspiration?
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lungs expand --> increases lung volume--> decreases lung pressure below atmospheric pressure--> inhalation
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how does lung expansion increase thoracic volume?
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1. diaphram contraction which lowers floor of chest cavity
2. external intercostal contraction whichdraws ribs upward and outward |
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how does the medulla oblagata affect breathing?
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contains medullary rhythm relay center which controls rhythm and sending signals
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how does the pneumotoxic area of pons affect breathing?
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alters rhythm by sending inhibitory signals to center above to shorter duration of inspiration
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how does the apneustic area of pons affect breathing?
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send stem signals to moderate rhythm control to prolong inhalation
-pneumotocix overrides apneustic |
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what is forced inspiration?
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an inhilation active process which involves increased contraction plus accessory muscle contraction
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what three muscles are used during forced inspiration?
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1. stenocleidomastoid
2. scalene- raise ribs 2-5 3. pectoralis minor |
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what happens during expiration?
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-we stop nerve impulse
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what is the passive process of expiration?
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-no muscular contractions so muscles relax and ribcage descends
- alveolar surface tension and elastic tissue recoil |
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what is the active process of expiration?
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during forceful breathing; abdominals and internal intercostals contract
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what three factors affect the rate of airflow?
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1. airway resistance
2. surface tension of alveolar fluid 3. compliance of lungs |
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how does airway resistance affect the rate of airflow?
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-the larger the tube diameter, the less the resistance
-bronchiole tube diameter increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation -smooth muscle regulation of bronchioles |
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how does surface tension of alveolar fluid affect rate of airflow?
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normally minimized by surfactant of Type II cells
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what is the compliance of lungs refer to?
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effort required to stretch lungs and thoracic wall
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what are the two principal factors of compliance of lungs?
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1. elasticity of alveolar elastic fibers
2. surface tension of alveolar fluid ex/ lungs: ^ compliance- easily stretched low compliance- harder to stretch |
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what happens during alveolar has exchange?
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-each gas diffuses independently
-gas moves from area of higher partial pressure to area of lower partial pressure |
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what is the role of oxygen during alveolar gas exchange?
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low solubility but difference in pressures is great in digestion to overcome solubility
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what is the role of CO2 during alveolar gas exchange?
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very soluble
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when does alveolar gas exchange take place?
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during external respiration
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what gas exchange occurs during internal respiration?
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exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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what do tissue cells do in internal respiration?
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use O2 for ATP production and produce CO2
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at rest how much O2 is retained in deoxygenated blood?
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75%
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what four factors affect rate of gas exchange?
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1. partial pressure difference of the gases (higher pressure=more exchange)
2. surface area available for gas exchange (more area=more exchange) 3. diffusion distance 4. molecular weight and solubility of the gasses |
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what is dalton's law?
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each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present
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what is henry's law?
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amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to P gas and its solubility
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