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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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undernourished
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under 2200 kcal/day
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FAO
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food & agriculture organization (UN)
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food security
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ability to get sufficient food daily
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famine
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large-scale food shortage, massive migration, economic distress
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malnourishment
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enough calories but not enough nutrients
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anemia
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low hemoglobin - IRON DEFICIENCY, most common nutrition problem
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Kwashiorkor
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protein deficiency, bloated bellies, "displaced child"
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Marasmus
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"to waste away", low protein AND calories, thin and elderly looking
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obese
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30 pounds or more overweight
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CAFO
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concentrated animal feeding operations, North American animals are often housed there
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soil
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mixture of weather mineral rock material, decomposing organic molecules, and living organisms
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humus
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sticky, brown residue from partially decomposed organisms
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micorrhizal symbiosis
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association between the roots of most plant species and fungi
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soil horizons
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horizontal soil layers
O, A, E, B, C, bedrock |
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soil profile
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thickness, color, texture, composition of each horizon make this together
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O horizon
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organic material
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A horizon
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topsoil - mineral particles and organic material
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E horizon
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no clays or nutrients, they are removed by rainwater
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B horizon
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accuulated clays and nutrients from the E horizon, dense texture
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C horizon
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regolith - partially broken down inorganic minerals
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regolith
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C horizon
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sheet erosion
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thin layer taken off the land surface
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rill erosion
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rivulets of running water gathering together and cutting small channels in the soil
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gully erosion
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when rills enlarge tof orm bigger channels or ravines that cannot be removed by normal tilling operations
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desertification
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conversion of productive land to desert
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waterlogged
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soil that is saturated with water - plant roots die from too little oxygen
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salinization
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when mineral salts accumulate in soil
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genetic engineering
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removing genetic material from one organism and splicing it into the chromosomes of others
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GMO
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genetically modified organism
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contour plowing
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plowing across the hill instead of up and down
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regolith
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C horizon
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sheet erosion
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thin layer taken off the land surface
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rill erosion
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rivulets of running water gathering together and cutting small channels in the soil
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gully erosion
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when rills enlarge tof orm bigger channels or ravines that cannot be removed by normal tilling operations
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desertification
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conversion of productive land to desert
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waterlogged
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soil that is saturated with water - plant roots die from too little oxygen
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salinization
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when mineral salts accumulate in soil
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genetic engineering
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removing genetic material from one organism and splicing it into the chromosomes of others
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GMO
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genetically modified organism
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contour plowing
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plowing across the hill instead of up and down
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strip farming
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planting different crops in alternating strips
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perennial species
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plants that grow for more than 2 years
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cover crops
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grown after harvest to keep soil intact
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mulch
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protective ground cover - manure, wood chips, straw, etc
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minimum till
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reduces the number of times a farmer disturbs the soil by plowing or cultivating - disc/chisel plow instead of a traditional moldboard plow
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conserv-till
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uses a coulter (like a pizza cutter)
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no-till
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seeds are drilled directly into the ground
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locavore
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one who its locally grown, seasonal food
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CSA
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community-supported agriculture program - makes annual contribution to a local farm in exchange for weekly deliveries of what ever the farm produces
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agroecology
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sustainable farming using ecological knowledge
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biological pests
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organisms that reduce the availability, quality, or value of resources useful to humans
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pesticide
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a chemical that kills pests
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biocide
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broad-spectrum pesticide that kills a wide range of living organisms
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inorganic pesticides
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include compounds of arsenic, sulfur, copper, lead, and mercury
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natural organic pesticides
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"botanicals", extracted from plants usually
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fumigants
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small molecules like carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, etc
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chlorinated hydrocarbons
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synthetic insecticides that inhibit nerve membrane ion transport... DDT (an organochlorine) etc
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organophosphates
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an outgrowth of nerve gas research during World War II
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carbamates
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generally very toxic to bees and must be used carefully
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halogenated pyrroles
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new class of compounds based on a naturally occurring microbial toxin
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microbial agents/biological controls
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living organisms or toxins derived from them used in place of pesticides
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pest resurgence/rebound
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a surge in pesticide-resistant insects etc
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pesticide treadmill
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result of pesticide resurgence
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POP
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persistent organic pollutants, long-lasting and dangerous - 127 countries banned them - DDT, aldrin, clordane, etc
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IPM
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integrated pest management - applied at specific times and aimed at specific crops/pests, ecologically based, flexible
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economic thresholds
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the point at which potential economic damage justifies pest control expenditures
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agencies that regulate pesticides
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EPA, FDA, USDA
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FIFRA
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act - mandates the registration/licensing of all pesticide productes
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FFDCA
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Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act - allows the EPA to set tolerance levels
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microbial agents/biological controls
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living organisms or toxins derived from them used in place of pesticides
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pest resurgence/rebound
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a surge in pesticide-resistant insects etc
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pesticide treadmill
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result of pesticide resurgence
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POP
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persistent organic pollutants, long-lasting and dangerous - 127 countries banned them - DDT, aldrin, clordane, etc
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IPM
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integrated pest management - applied at specific times and aimed at specific crops/pests, ecologically based, flexible
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economic thresholds
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the point at which potential economic damage justifies pest control expenditures
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agencies that regulate pesticides
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EPA, FDA, USDA
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FIFRA
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act - mandates the registration/licensing of all pesticide productes
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FFDCA
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Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act - allows the EPA to set tolerance levels
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